feat(provider): add lmstudio and align local provider default auth/base handling (#2193)

* feat(provider): add lmstudio vendor and local no-key behavior * refactor(provider): consolidate protocol metadata and local tests * fix(provider): sync lmstudio probing and model normalization * test(web): format lmstudio model status cases for golines
2026-06-12 18:08:54 +00:00 · 2026-03-31 14:48:18 +08:00
parent d11f1bc064
commit ee02e30992
11 changed files with 307 additions and 72 deletions
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@
      "model": "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
      "api_key": "sk-your-deepseek-key"
    },
+    {
+      "model_name": "lmstudio-local",
+      "model": "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b"
+    },
    {
      "model_name": "longcat",
      "model": "longcat/LongCat-Flash-Thinking",
@@ -563,6 +563,7 @@ For complete documentation, see [`security_configuration.md`](security_configura
 | **通义千问 (Qwen)**     | `qwen/`           | `https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1` | OpenAI    | [Get Key](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com)                  |
 | **NVIDIA**              | `nvidia/`         | `https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1`               | OpenAI    | [Get Key](https://build.nvidia.com)                              |
 | **Ollama**              | `ollama/`         | `http://localhost:11434/v1`                         | OpenAI    | Local (no key needed)                                            |
+| **LM Studio**           | `lmstudio/`       | `http://localhost:1234/v1`                          | OpenAI    | Optional (local default: no key)                                 |
 | **OpenRouter**          | `openrouter/`     | `https://openrouter.ai/api/v1`                      | OpenAI    | [Get Key](https://openrouter.ai/keys)                            |
 | **LiteLLM Proxy**       | `litellm/`        | `http://localhost:4000/v1`                          | OpenAI    | Your LiteLLM proxy key                                           |
 | **VLLM**                | `vllm/`           | `http://localhost:8000/v1`                          | OpenAI    | Local                                                            |
@@ -710,6 +711,21 @@ For direct Anthropic API access or custom endpoints that only support Anthropic'

 </details>

+<details>
+<summary><b>LM Studio (local)</b></summary>
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "lmstudio-local",
+  "model": "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b"
+}
+```
+
+`api_base` defaults to `http://localhost:1234/v1`. API key is optional unless your LM Studio server enables authentication.<br/>
+PicoClaw sends OpenAI-compatible requests to LM Studio, and strips the `lmstudio/` prefix before sending requests, so `lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b` sends `openai/gpt-oss-20b` to the LM Studio server.
+
+</details>
+
 <details>
 <summary><b>Custom Proxy / LiteLLM</b></summary>

@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ This design also enables **multi-agent support** with flexible provider selectio
 | **通义千问 (Qwen)** | `qwen/`           | `https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1` | OpenAI    | [Get Key](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com)                  |
 | **NVIDIA**          | `nvidia/`         | `https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1`               | OpenAI    | [Get Key](https://build.nvidia.com)                              |
 | **Ollama**          | `ollama/`         | `http://localhost:11434/v1`                         | OpenAI    | Local (no key needed)                                            |
+| **LM Studio**       | `lmstudio/`       | `http://localhost:1234/v1`                          | OpenAI    | Optional (local default: no key)                                 |
 | **OpenRouter**      | `openrouter/`     | `https://openrouter.ai/api/v1`                      | OpenAI    | [Get Key](https://openrouter.ai/keys)                            |
 | **LiteLLM Proxy**   | `litellm/`        | `http://localhost:4000/v1`                          | OpenAI    | Your LiteLLM proxy key                                            |
 | **VLLM**            | `vllm/`           | `http://localhost:8000/v1`                          | OpenAI    | Local                                                            |
@@ -226,6 +227,18 @@ For direct Anthropic API access or custom endpoints that only support Anthropic'
 }
 ```

+**LM Studio (local)**
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "lmstudio-local",
+  "model": "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b"
+}
+```
+
+`api_base` defaults to `http://localhost:1234/v1`. API key is optional unless your LM Studio server enables authentication.<br/>
+PicoClaw sends OpenAI-compatible requests to LM Studio, and strips the `lmstudio/` prefix before sending requests, so `lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b` sends `openai/gpt-oss-20b` to the LM Studio server.
+
 **Custom Proxy/API**

 ```json
@@ -365,6 +365,7 @@ Agent 读取 HEARTBEAT.md
 | **通义千问 (Qwen)**     | `qwen/`           | `https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1` | OpenAI    | [获取](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com)                     |
 | **NVIDIA**              | `nvidia/`         | `https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1`               | OpenAI    | [获取](https://build.nvidia.com)                                 |
 | **Ollama**              | `ollama/`         | `http://localhost:11434/v1`                         | OpenAI    | 本地（无需 Key）                                                 |
+| **LM Studio**           | `lmstudio/`       | `http://localhost:1234/v1`                          | OpenAI    | 可选（本地默认无需密钥）                                         |
 | **OpenRouter**          | `openrouter/`     | `https://openrouter.ai/api/v1`                      | OpenAI    | [获取](https://openrouter.ai/keys)                               |
 | **LiteLLM Proxy**       | `litellm/`        | `http://localhost:4000/v1`                          | OpenAI    | 你的 LiteLLM 代理 Key                                            |
 | **VLLM**                | `vllm/`           | `http://localhost:8000/v1`                          | OpenAI    | 本地                                                             |
@@ -506,6 +507,21 @@ Agent 读取 HEARTBEAT.md

 </details>

+<details>
+<summary><b>LM Studio（本地）</b></summary>
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "lmstudio-local",
+  "model": "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b"
+}
+```
+
+`api_base` 默认是 `http://localhost:1234/v1`。除非你在 LM Studio 侧启用了认证，否则不需要配置 API Key。
+PicoClaw 向 LM Studio 的 OpenAI 兼容终结点发送请求，且将移除首个 `lmstudio/` 前缀，因此 `lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b` 会发送 `openai/gpt-oss-20b`。
+
+</details>
+
 <details>
 <summary><b>自定义代理 / LiteLLM</b></summary>

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 | **通义千问 (Qwen)** | `qwen/`           | `https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1` | OpenAI    | [获取密钥](https://dashscope.console.aliyun.com)                  |
 | **NVIDIA**          | `nvidia/`         | `https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1`               | OpenAI    | [获取密钥](https://build.nvidia.com)                              |
 | **Ollama**          | `ollama/`         | `http://localhost:11434/v1`                         | OpenAI    | 本地（无需密钥）                                                  |
+| **LM Studio**       | `lmstudio/`       | `http://localhost:1234/v1`                          | OpenAI    | 可选（本地默认无需密钥）                                          |
 | **OpenRouter**      | `openrouter/`     | `https://openrouter.ai/api/v1`                      | OpenAI    | [获取密钥](https://openrouter.ai/keys)                            |
 | **LiteLLM Proxy**   | `litellm/`        | `http://localhost:4000/v1`                          | OpenAI    | 你的 LiteLLM 代理密钥                                             |
 | **VLLM**            | `vllm/`           | `http://localhost:8000/v1`                          | OpenAI    | 本地                                                              |
@@ -211,6 +212,18 @@
 }
 ```

+**LM Studio（本地）**
+
+```json
+{
+  "model_name": "lmstudio-local",
+  "model": "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b"
+}
+```
+
+`api_base` 默认是 `http://localhost:1234/v1`。除非你在 LM Studio 侧启用了认证，否则不需要配置 API Key。
+PicoClaw 向 LM Studio 的 OpenAI 兼容终结点发送请求，且将移除首个 `lmstudio/` 前缀，因此 `lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b` 会发送 `openai/gpt-oss-20b`。
+
 **自定义代理/API**

 ```json
@@ -17,6 +17,48 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers/bedrock"
 )

+type protocolMeta struct {
+	defaultAPIBase     string
+	emptyAPIKeyAllowed bool
+}
+
+var protocolMetaByName = map[string]protocolMeta{
+	"openai":                   {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.openai.com/v1"},
+	"openrouter":               {defaultAPIBase: "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"},
+	"litellm":                  {defaultAPIBase: "http://localhost:4000/v1"},
+	"lmstudio":                 {defaultAPIBase: "http://localhost:1234/v1", emptyAPIKeyAllowed: true},
+	"novita":                   {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.novita.ai/openai"},
+	"groq":                     {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.groq.com/openai/v1"},
+	"zhipu":                    {defaultAPIBase: "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"},
+	"gemini":                   {defaultAPIBase: "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"},
+	"nvidia":                   {defaultAPIBase: "https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1"},
+	"ollama":                   {defaultAPIBase: "http://localhost:11434/v1", emptyAPIKeyAllowed: true},
+	"moonshot":                 {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.moonshot.cn/v1"},
+	"shengsuanyun":             {defaultAPIBase: "https://router.shengsuanyun.com/api/v1"},
+	"deepseek":                 {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.deepseek.com/v1"},
+	"cerebras":                 {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.cerebras.ai/v1"},
+	"vivgrid":                  {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.vivgrid.com/v1"},
+	"volcengine":               {defaultAPIBase: "https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3"},
+	"qwen":                     {defaultAPIBase: "https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"},
+	"qwen-intl":                {defaultAPIBase: "https://dashscope-intl.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"},
+	"qwen-international":       {defaultAPIBase: "https://dashscope-intl.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"},
+	"dashscope-intl":           {defaultAPIBase: "https://dashscope-intl.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"},
+	"qwen-us":                  {defaultAPIBase: "https://dashscope-us.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"},
+	"dashscope-us":             {defaultAPIBase: "https://dashscope-us.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"},
+	"coding-plan":              {defaultAPIBase: "https://coding-intl.dashscope.aliyuncs.com/v1"},
+	"alibaba-coding":           {defaultAPIBase: "https://coding-intl.dashscope.aliyuncs.com/v1"},
+	"qwen-coding":              {defaultAPIBase: "https://coding-intl.dashscope.aliyuncs.com/v1"},
+	"coding-plan-anthropic":    {defaultAPIBase: "https://coding-intl.dashscope.aliyuncs.com/apps/anthropic"},
+	"alibaba-coding-anthropic": {defaultAPIBase: "https://coding-intl.dashscope.aliyuncs.com/apps/anthropic"},
+	"vllm":                     {defaultAPIBase: "http://localhost:8000/v1", emptyAPIKeyAllowed: true},
+	"mistral":                  {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.mistral.ai/v1"},
+	"avian":                    {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.avian.io/v1"},
+	"minimax":                  {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.minimaxi.com/v1"},
+	"longcat":                  {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.longcat.chat/openai"},
+	"modelscope":               {defaultAPIBase: "https://api-inference.modelscope.cn/v1"},
+	"mimo":                     {defaultAPIBase: "https://api.xiaomimimo.com/v1"},
+}
+
 // createClaudeAuthProvider creates a Claude provider using OAuth credentials from auth store.
 func createClaudeAuthProvider() (LLMProvider, error) {
 	cred, err := getCredential("anthropic")
@@ -154,13 +196,13 @@ func CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg *config.ModelConfig) (LLMProvider, string, err
 		}
 		return provider, modelID, nil

-	case "litellm", "openrouter", "groq", "zhipu", "gemini", "nvidia",
+	case "litellm", "lmstudio", "openrouter", "groq", "zhipu", "gemini", "nvidia",
 		"ollama", "moonshot", "shengsuanyun", "deepseek", "cerebras",
 		"vivgrid", "volcengine", "vllm", "qwen", "qwen-intl", "qwen-international", "dashscope-intl",
 		"qwen-us", "dashscope-us", "mistral", "avian", "longcat", "modelscope", "novita",
 		"coding-plan", "alibaba-coding", "qwen-coding", "mimo":
 		// All other OpenAI-compatible HTTP providers
-		if cfg.APIKey() == "" && cfg.APIBase == "" {
+		if cfg.APIKey() == "" && cfg.APIBase == "" && !isEmptyAPIKeyAllowed(protocol) {
 			return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("api_key or api_base is required for HTTP-based protocol %q", protocol)
 		}
 		apiBase := cfg.APIBase
@@ -294,64 +336,30 @@ func CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg *config.ModelConfig) (LLMProvider, string, err
 	}
 }

+func isEmptyAPIKeyAllowed(protocol string) bool {
+	meta, ok := protocolMetaByName[protocol]
+	return ok && meta.emptyAPIKeyAllowed
+}
+
+// IsEmptyAPIKeyAllowedForProtocol reports whether a protocol allows requests
+// without api_key when using its default local endpoint.
+func IsEmptyAPIKeyAllowedForProtocol(protocol string) bool {
+	protocol = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(protocol))
+	return isEmptyAPIKeyAllowed(protocol)
+}
+
+// DefaultAPIBaseForProtocol returns the configured default API base for a protocol.
+// It returns empty string if the protocol has no default base.
+func DefaultAPIBaseForProtocol(protocol string) string {
+	protocol = strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(protocol))
+	return getDefaultAPIBase(protocol)
+}
+
 // getDefaultAPIBase returns the default API base URL for a given protocol.
 func getDefaultAPIBase(protocol string) string {
-	switch protocol {
-	case "openai":
-		return "https://api.openai.com/v1"
-	case "openrouter":
-		return "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"
-	case "litellm":
-		return "http://localhost:4000/v1"
-	case "novita":
-		return "https://api.novita.ai/openai"
-	case "groq":
-		return "https://api.groq.com/openai/v1"
-	case "zhipu":
-		return "https://open.bigmodel.cn/api/paas/v4"
-	case "gemini":
-		return "https://generativelanguage.googleapis.com/v1beta"
-	case "nvidia":
-		return "https://integrate.api.nvidia.com/v1"
-	case "ollama":
-		return "http://localhost:11434/v1"
-	case "moonshot":
-		return "https://api.moonshot.cn/v1"
-	case "shengsuanyun":
-		return "https://router.shengsuanyun.com/api/v1"
-	case "deepseek":
-		return "https://api.deepseek.com/v1"
-	case "cerebras":
-		return "https://api.cerebras.ai/v1"
-	case "vivgrid":
-		return "https://api.vivgrid.com/v1"
-	case "volcengine":
-		return "https://ark.cn-beijing.volces.com/api/v3"
-	case "qwen":
-		return "https://dashscope.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"
-	case "qwen-intl", "qwen-international", "dashscope-intl":
-		return "https://dashscope-intl.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"
-	case "qwen-us", "dashscope-us":
-		return "https://dashscope-us.aliyuncs.com/compatible-mode/v1"
-	case "coding-plan", "alibaba-coding", "qwen-coding":
-		return "https://coding-intl.dashscope.aliyuncs.com/v1"
-	case "coding-plan-anthropic", "alibaba-coding-anthropic":
-		return "https://coding-intl.dashscope.aliyuncs.com/apps/anthropic"
-	case "vllm":
-		return "http://localhost:8000/v1"
-	case "mistral":
-		return "https://api.mistral.ai/v1"
-	case "avian":
-		return "https://api.avian.io/v1"
-	case "minimax":
-		return "https://api.minimaxi.com/v1"
-	case "longcat":
-		return "https://api.longcat.chat/openai"
-	case "modelscope":
-		return "https://api-inference.modelscope.cn/v1"
-	case "mimo":
-		return "https://api.xiaomimimo.com/v1"
-	default:
+	meta, ok := protocolMetaByName[protocol]
+	if !ok {
 		return ""
 	}
+	return meta.defaultAPIBase
 }
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_DefaultAPIBase(t *testing.T) {
 		{"vllm", "vllm"},
 		{"deepseek", "deepseek"},
 		{"ollama", "ollama"},
+		{"lmstudio", "lmstudio"},
 		{"longcat", "longcat"},
 		{"modelscope", "modelscope"},
 		{"mimo", "mimo"},
@@ -153,6 +154,12 @@ func TestGetDefaultAPIBase_LiteLLM(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestGetDefaultAPIBase_LMStudio(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := getDefaultAPIBase("lmstudio"); got != "http://localhost:1234/v1" {
+		t.Fatalf("getDefaultAPIBase(%q) = %q, want %q", "lmstudio", got, "http://localhost:1234/v1")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_LiteLLM(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
 		ModelName: "test-litellm",
@@ -173,6 +180,85 @@ func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_LiteLLM(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_LocalProviders(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		modelName   string
+		model       string
+		apiKey      string
+		wantModelID string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "LMStudio with API key",
+			modelName:   "test-lmstudio",
+			model:       "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b",
+			apiKey:      "test-key",
+			wantModelID: "openai/gpt-oss-20b",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "LMStudio without API key",
+			modelName:   "test-lmstudio",
+			model:       "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b",
+			apiKey:      "",
+			wantModelID: "openai/gpt-oss-20b",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Ollama with API key",
+			modelName:   "test-ollama",
+			model:       "ollama/llama3.1:8b",
+			apiKey:      "test-key",
+			wantModelID: "llama3.1:8b",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Ollama without API key",
+			modelName:   "test-ollama",
+			model:       "ollama/llama3.1:8b",
+			apiKey:      "",
+			wantModelID: "llama3.1:8b",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "VLLM with API key",
+			modelName:   "test-vllm",
+			model:       "vllm/Qwen/Qwen3-8B",
+			apiKey:      "test-key",
+			wantModelID: "Qwen/Qwen3-8B",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "VLLM without API key",
+			modelName:   "test-vllm",
+			model:       "vllm/Qwen/Qwen3-8B",
+			apiKey:      "",
+			wantModelID: "Qwen/Qwen3-8B",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
+				ModelName: tt.modelName,
+				Model:     tt.model,
+			}
+			if tt.apiKey != "" {
+				cfg.SetAPIKey(tt.apiKey)
+			}
+
+			provider, modelID, err := CreateProviderFromConfig(cfg)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("CreateProviderFromConfig() error = %v", err)
+			}
+			if provider == nil {
+				t.Fatal("CreateProviderFromConfig() returned nil provider")
+			}
+			if modelID != tt.wantModelID {
+				t.Errorf("modelID = %q, want %q", modelID, tt.wantModelID)
+			}
+			if _, ok := provider.(*HTTPProvider); !ok {
+				t.Fatalf("expected *HTTPProvider, got %T", provider)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCreateProviderFromConfig_LongCat(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := &config.ModelConfig{
 		ModelName: "test-longcat",
@@ -42,6 +42,23 @@ type Option func(*Provider)

 const defaultRequestTimeout = common.DefaultRequestTimeout

+var stripModelPrefixProviders = map[string]struct{}{
+	"litellm":    {},
+	"moonshot":   {},
+	"nvidia":     {},
+	"groq":       {},
+	"ollama":     {},
+	"deepseek":   {},
+	"google":     {},
+	"openrouter": {},
+	"zhipu":      {},
+	"mistral":    {},
+	"vivgrid":    {},
+	"minimax":    {},
+	"novita":     {},
+	"lmstudio":   {},
+}
+
 func WithMaxTokensField(maxTokensField string) Option {
 	return func(p *Provider) {
 		p.maxTokensField = maxTokensField
@@ -397,13 +414,11 @@ func normalizeModel(model, apiBase string) string {
 	}

 	prefix := strings.ToLower(before)
-	switch prefix {
-	case "litellm", "moonshot", "nvidia", "groq", "ollama", "deepseek", "google",
-		"openrouter", "zhipu", "mistral", "vivgrid", "minimax", "novita":
+	if _, ok := stripModelPrefixProviders[prefix]; ok {
 		return after
-	default:
-		return model
 	}
+
+	return model
 }

 func buildToolsList(tools []ToolDefinition, nativeSearch bool) []any {
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ func TestProviderChat_StripsMoonshotPrefixAndNormalizesKimiTemperature(t *testin
 	}
 }

-func TestProviderChat_StripsGroqOllamaDeepseekVivgridNovitaPrefixes(t *testing.T) {
+func TestProviderChat_StripsKnownProviderPrefixes(t *testing.T) {
 	var requestBody map[string]any

 	server := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@@ -474,6 +474,11 @@ func TestProviderChat_StripsGroqOllamaDeepseekVivgridNovitaPrefixes(t *testing.T
 			input:     "ollama/qwen2.5:14b",
 			wantModel: "qwen2.5:14b",
 		},
+		{
+			name:      "strips lmstudio prefix and keeps nested model",
+			input:     "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b",
+			wantModel: "openai/gpt-oss-20b",
+		},
 		{
 			name:      "strips deepseek prefix",
 			input:     "deepseek/deepseek-chat",
@@ -579,6 +584,9 @@ func TestNormalizeModel_UsesAPIBase(t *testing.T) {
 	if got := normalizeModel("deepseek/deepseek-chat", "https://api.deepseek.com/v1"); got != "deepseek-chat" {
 		t.Fatalf("normalizeModel(deepseek) = %q, want %q", got, "deepseek-chat")
 	}
+	if got := normalizeModel("lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b", "http://localhost:1234/v1"); got != "openai/gpt-oss-20b" {
+		t.Fatalf("normalizeModel(lmstudio) = %q, want %q", got, "openai/gpt-oss-20b")
+	}
 	if got := normalizeModel("openrouter/auto", "https://openrouter.ai/api/v1"); got != "openrouter/auto" {
 		t.Fatalf("normalizeModel(openrouter) = %q, want %q", got, "openrouter/auto")
 	}
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers"
 )

 const modelProbeTimeout = 800 * time.Millisecond
@@ -60,10 +61,14 @@ func requiresRuntimeProbe(m *config.ModelConfig) bool {
 		return true
 	}

-	switch modelProtocol(m.Model) {
+	protocol := modelProtocol(m.Model)
+
+	switch protocol {
 	case "claude-cli", "claudecli", "codex-cli", "codexcli", "github-copilot", "copilot":
 		return true
-	case "ollama", "vllm":
+	}
+
+	if providers.IsEmptyAPIKeyAllowedForProtocol(protocol) {
 		apiBase := strings.TrimSpace(m.APIBase)
 		return apiBase == "" || hasLocalAPIBase(apiBase)
 	}
@@ -81,7 +86,7 @@ func probeLocalModelAvailability(m *config.ModelConfig) bool {
 	switch protocol {
 	case "ollama":
 		return probeOllamaModelFunc(apiBase, modelID)
-	case "vllm":
+	case "vllm", "lmstudio":
 		return probeOpenAICompatibleModelFunc(apiBase, modelID, m.APIKey())
 	case "github-copilot", "copilot":
 		return probeTCPServiceFunc(apiBase)
@@ -100,11 +105,12 @@ func modelProbeAPIBase(m *config.ModelConfig) string {
 		return normalizeModelProbeAPIBase(apiBase)
 	}

-	switch modelProtocol(m.Model) {
-	case "ollama":
-		return "http://localhost:11434/v1"
-	case "vllm":
-		return "http://localhost:8000/v1"
+	protocol := modelProtocol(m.Model)
+	if providers.IsEmptyAPIKeyAllowedForProtocol(protocol) {
+		return providers.DefaultAPIBaseForProtocol(protocol)
+	}
+
+	switch protocol {
 	case "github-copilot", "copilot":
 		return "localhost:4321"
 	default:
@@ -35,3 +35,53 @@ func TestProbeLocalModelAvailability_OpenAICompatibleIncludesAPIKey(t *testing.T
 		t.Fatal("probeLocalModelAvailability() = false, want true when api_key is configured")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRequiresRuntimeProbe_LMStudio(t *testing.T) {
+	if !requiresRuntimeProbe(&config.ModelConfig{
+		Model: "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b",
+	}) {
+		t.Fatal("requiresRuntimeProbe(lmstudio with default base) = false, want true")
+	}
+
+	if requiresRuntimeProbe(&config.ModelConfig{
+		Model:   "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b",
+		APIBase: "https://api.example.com/v1",
+	}) {
+		t.Fatal("requiresRuntimeProbe(lmstudio with remote base) = true, want false")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestModelProbeAPIBase_LMStudioDefault(t *testing.T) {
+	got := modelProbeAPIBase(&config.ModelConfig{Model: "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b"})
+	if got != "http://localhost:1234/v1" {
+		t.Fatalf("modelProbeAPIBase(lmstudio) = %q, want %q", got, "http://localhost:1234/v1")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestProbeLocalModelAvailability_LMStudioUsesOpenAICompatibleProbe(t *testing.T) {
+	originalProbe := probeOpenAICompatibleModelFunc
+	defer func() { probeOpenAICompatibleModelFunc = originalProbe }()
+
+	called := false
+	probeOpenAICompatibleModelFunc = func(apiBase, modelID, apiKey string) bool {
+		called = true
+		if apiBase != "http://localhost:1234/v1" {
+			t.Fatalf("apiBase = %q, want %q", apiBase, "http://localhost:1234/v1")
+		}
+		if modelID != "openai/gpt-oss-20b" {
+			t.Fatalf("modelID = %q, want %q", modelID, "openai/gpt-oss-20b")
+		}
+		if apiKey != "" {
+			t.Fatalf("apiKey = %q, want empty", apiKey)
+		}
+		return true
+	}
+
+	model := &config.ModelConfig{Model: "lmstudio/openai/gpt-oss-20b"}
+	if !probeLocalModelAvailability(model) {
+		t.Fatal("probeLocalModelAvailability(lmstudio) = false, want true")
+	}
+	if !called {
+		t.Fatal("probeOpenAICompatibleModelFunc was not called for lmstudio")
+	}
+}