picoclaw/docs/security/credential_encryption.md

Credential Encryption

PicoClaw supports encrypting api_key/api_keys values in model_list configuration entries. Encrypted keys are stored as enc://<base64> strings and decrypted automatically at startup.

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Quick Start

1. Set your passphrase

export PICOCLAW_KEY_PASSPHRASE="your-passphrase"

2. Encrypt an API key

Run picoclaw onboard — it prompts for your passphrase and generates the SSH key, then automatically re-encrypts any plaintext api_key entries in your config on the next SaveConfig call. The resulting enc:// value will look like:

enc://AAAA...base64...

3. Paste the output into your config

{
  "model_list": [
    {
      "model_name": "gpt-4o",
      "model": "openai/gpt-4o",
      // "api_keys": ["enc://AAAA...base64..."] move to .security.yml
      "api_base": "https://api.openai.com/v1"
    }
  ]
}

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Supported api_key Formats

The same formats apply to both api_key (singular) and individual elements in the api_keys (array) field:

Format	Example	Behaviour
Plaintext	sk-abc123	Used as-is
File reference	file://openai.key	Content read from the same directory as the config file
Encrypted	enc://<base64>	Decrypted at startup using PICOCLAW_KEY_PASSPHRASE
Empty	""	Passed through unchanged (used with auth_method: oauth)

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Cryptographic Design

Key Derivation

Encryption uses HKDF-SHA256 with an SSH private key as a second factor.

sshHash = SHA256(ssh_private_key_file_bytes)
ikm     = HMAC-SHA256(key=sshHash, message=passphrase)
aes_key = HKDF-SHA256(ikm, salt, info="picoclaw-credential-v1", 32 bytes)

Encryption

AES-256-GCM(key=aes_key, nonce=random[12], plaintext=api_key)

Wire Format

enc://<base64( salt[16] + nonce[12] + ciphertext )>

Field	Size	Description
salt	16 bytes	Random per encryption; fed into HKDF
nonce	12 bytes	Random per encryption; AES-GCM IV
ciphertext	variable	AES-256-GCM ciphertext + 16-byte authentication tag

The GCM authentication tag is appended to the ciphertext automatically. Any tampering causes decryption to fail with an error rather than returning corrupt plaintext.

Performance

Operation	Time (ARM Cortex-A)
Key derivation (HKDF)	< 1 ms
AES-256-GCM decrypt	< 1 ms
Total startup overhead	< 2 ms per key

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Two-Factor Security with SSH Key

When a SSH private key is provided, breaking the encryption requires both:

1. The passphrase (PICOCLAW_KEY_PASSPHRASE)
2. The SSH private key file

This means a leaked config file alone is not sufficient to recover the API key, even if the passphrase is weak. The SSH key contributes 256 bits of entropy (Ed25519) regardless of passphrase strength.

Threat Model

Attacker Has	Can Decrypt?
Config file only	No — needs passphrase + SSH key
SSH key only	No — needs passphrase
Passphrase only	No — needs SSH key
Config file + SSH key + passphrase	Yes — full compromise

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Environment Variables

Variable	Required	Description
PICOCLAW_KEY_PASSPHRASE	Yes (for enc://)	Passphrase used for key derivation
PICOCLAW_SSH_KEY_PATH	No	Path to SSH private key. If not set, auto-detects from ~/.ssh/picoclaw_ed25519.key

SSH Key Auto-Detection

If PICOCLAW_SSH_KEY_PATH is not set, PicoClaw looks for the picoclaw-specific key:

~/.ssh/picoclaw_ed25519.key

This dedicated file avoids conflicts with the user's existing SSH keys. Run picoclaw onboard to generate it automatically.

os.UserHomeDir() is used for cross-platform home directory resolution (reads USERPROFILE on Windows, HOME on Unix/macOS).

Note: An SSH key file is required for credential encryption. If no key is found and PICOCLAW_SSH_KEY_PATH is not set, encryption/decryption will fail. Run picoclaw onboard to generate the key automatically.

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Migration

Because the only secret material is PICOCLAW_KEY_PASSPHRASE and the SSH private key file, migration is straightforward:

1. Copy the config file to the new machine.
2. Set PICOCLAW_KEY_PASSPHRASE to the same value.
3. Copy the SSH private key file to the same path (or set PICOCLAW_SSH_KEY_PATH to its new location).

No re-encryption is needed.

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Security Considerations

• Both passphrase and SSH key are required. The SSH key acts as a second factor — without it, encryption/decryption will fail. Run picoclaw onboard to generate the key if it doesn't exist.
• The SSH key is read-only at runtime. PicoClaw never writes to or modifies the SSH key file.
• Plaintext keys remain supported. Existing configs without enc:// are unaffected.
• The enc:// format is versioned via the HKDF info field (picoclaw-credential-v1), allowing future algorithm upgrades without breaking existing encrypted values.