diff --git a/pkg/agent/hook_process.go b/pkg/agent/hook_process.go
index 59dc8ad62..ace95f44d 100644
--- a/pkg/agent/hook_process.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/hook_process.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/isolation"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/tools"
 )
@@ -122,7 +123,9 @@ func NewProcessHook(ctx context.Context, name string, opts ProcessHookOptions) (
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create process hook stderr: %w", err)
 	}
-	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+	// Route hook subprocess startup through the shared isolation entry point so
+	// process hooks inherit the same isolation behavior as other child processes.
+	if err := isolation.Start(cmd); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("start process hook: %w", err)
 	}
 
diff --git a/pkg/agent/hook_process_test.go b/pkg/agent/hook_process_test.go
index 50f89811f..9e95d105e 100644
--- a/pkg/agent/hook_process_test.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/hook_process_test.go
@@ -7,10 +7,13 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/isolation"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/providers"
 )
 
@@ -178,6 +181,76 @@ func TestAgentLoop_MountProcessHook_ApprovalDeny(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAgentLoop_MountProcessHook_IsolationSupportsRelativeDirAndCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
+		t.Skip("linux-only isolation path handling")
+	}
+
+	provider := &llmHookTestProvider{}
+	al, agent, cleanup := newHookTestLoop(t, provider)
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv(config.EnvHome, filepath.Join(root, "picoclaw-home"))
+	binDir := filepath.Join(root, "bin")
+	hookDir := filepath.Join(root, "hooks")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(binDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(hookDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	writeFakeBwrap(t, filepath.Join(binDir, "bwrap"))
+	t.Setenv("PATH", binDir+string(os.PathListSeparator)+os.Getenv("PATH"))
+	linkTestBinary(t, os.Args[0], filepath.Join(hookDir, "hook-helper"))
+
+	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.Isolation.Enabled = true
+	isolation.Configure(cfg)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { isolation.Configure(config.DefaultConfig()) })
+
+	cwd, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	relHookDir, err := filepath.Rel(cwd, hookDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	mountErr := al.MountProcessHook(context.Background(), "ipc-relative", ProcessHookOptions{
+		Command:      []string{"./hook-helper", "-test.run=TestProcessHook_HelperProcess", "--"},
+		Dir:          relHookDir,
+		Env:          processHookHelperEnv("rewrite", ""),
+		InterceptLLM: true,
+	})
+	if mountErr != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("MountProcessHook failed with relative dir/command under isolation: %v", mountErr)
+	}
+
+	resp, err := al.runAgentLoop(context.Background(), agent, processOptions{
+		SessionKey:      "session-relative",
+		Channel:         "cli",
+		ChatID:          "direct",
+		UserMessage:     "hello",
+		DefaultResponse: defaultResponse,
+		EnableSummary:   false,
+		SendResponse:    false,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("runAgentLoop failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if resp != "provider content|ipc" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected process-hooked llm content, got %q", resp)
+	}
+	provider.mu.Lock()
+	lastModel := provider.lastModel
+	provider.mu.Unlock()
+	if lastModel != "process-model" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected process model, got %q", lastModel)
+	}
+}
+
 func processHookHelperCommand() []string {
 	return []string{os.Args[0], "-test.run=TestProcessHook_HelperProcess", "--"}
 }
@@ -193,6 +266,59 @@ func processHookHelperEnv(mode, eventLog string) []string {
 	return env
 }
 
+func writeFakeBwrap(t *testing.T, path string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	script := `#!/bin/sh
+set -eu
+workdir=
+while [ "$#" -gt 0 ]; do
+  case "$1" in
+    --)
+      shift
+      break
+      ;;
+    --chdir)
+      workdir="$2"
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --bind|--ro-bind)
+      shift 3
+      ;;
+    --proc|--dev)
+      shift 2
+      ;;
+    --die-with-parent|--unshare-ipc)
+      shift
+      ;;
+    *)
+      shift
+      ;;
+  esac
+done
+if [ -n "$workdir" ]; then
+  cd "$workdir"
+fi
+exec "$@"
+`
+	if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte(script), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write fake bwrap: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func linkTestBinary(t *testing.T, source, target string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if err := os.Symlink(source, target); err == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(source)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read test binary: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(target, data, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("create hook helper binary: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func waitForFileContains(t *testing.T, path, substring string) {
 	t.Helper()
 
diff --git a/pkg/agent/instance.go b/pkg/agent/instance.go
index 48e5aa625..5bcb83087 100644
--- a/pkg/agent/instance.go
+++ b/pkg/agent/instance.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/isolation"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/media"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/memory"
@@ -64,6 +65,12 @@ func NewAgentInstance(
 	cfg *config.Config,
 	provider providers.LLMProvider,
 ) *AgentInstance {
+	if cfg != nil {
+		// Keep the subprocess isolation runtime aligned with the latest loaded config
+		// before any tools or providers start spawning child processes.
+		isolation.Configure(cfg)
+	}
+
 	workspace := resolveAgentWorkspace(agentCfg, defaults)
 	os.MkdirAll(workspace, 0o755)
 
diff --git a/pkg/config/config.go b/pkg/config/config.go
index 606f7a095..fd4466b8c 100644
--- a/pkg/config/config.go
+++ b/pkg/config/config.go
@@ -24,20 +24,21 @@ var rrCounter atomic.Uint64
 // CurrentVersion is the latest config schema version
 const CurrentVersion = 2
 
-// Config is the current config structure with version support
+// Config is the current config structure with version support.
 type Config struct {
-	Version   int             `json:"version"            yaml:"-"` // Config schema version for migration
-	Agents    AgentsConfig    `json:"agents"             yaml:"-"`
-	Bindings  []AgentBinding  `json:"bindings,omitempty" yaml:"-"`
-	Session   SessionConfig   `json:"session,omitempty"  yaml:"-"`
-	Channels  ChannelsConfig  `json:"channels"           yaml:"channels"`
-	ModelList SecureModelList `json:"model_list"         yaml:"model_list"` // New model-centric provider configuration
-	Gateway   GatewayConfig   `json:"gateway"            yaml:"-"`
-	Hooks     HooksConfig     `json:"hooks,omitempty"    yaml:"-"`
-	Tools     ToolsConfig     `json:"tools"              yaml:",inline"`
-	Heartbeat HeartbeatConfig `json:"heartbeat"          yaml:"-"`
-	Devices   DevicesConfig   `json:"devices"            yaml:"-"`
-	Voice     VoiceConfig     `json:"voice"              yaml:"-"`
+	Version   int             `json:"version"             yaml:"-"` // Config schema version for migration
+	Isolation IsolationConfig `json:"isolation,omitempty" yaml:"-"`
+	Agents    AgentsConfig    `json:"agents"              yaml:"-"`
+	Bindings  []AgentBinding  `json:"bindings,omitempty"  yaml:"-"`
+	Session   SessionConfig   `json:"session,omitempty"   yaml:"-"`
+	Channels  ChannelsConfig  `json:"channels"            yaml:"channels"`
+	ModelList SecureModelList `json:"model_list"          yaml:"model_list"` // New model-centric provider configuration
+	Gateway   GatewayConfig   `json:"gateway"             yaml:"-"`
+	Hooks     HooksConfig     `json:"hooks,omitempty"     yaml:"-"`
+	Tools     ToolsConfig     `json:"tools"               yaml:",inline"`
+	Heartbeat HeartbeatConfig `json:"heartbeat"           yaml:"-"`
+	Devices   DevicesConfig   `json:"devices"             yaml:"-"`
+	Voice     VoiceConfig     `json:"voice"               yaml:"-"`
 	// BuildInfo contains build-time version information
 	BuildInfo BuildInfo `json:"build_info,omitempty" yaml:"-"`
 
@@ -45,6 +46,21 @@ type Config struct {
 	sensitiveCache *SensitiveDataCache
 }
 
+// IsolationConfig controls subprocess isolation for commands started by PicoClaw.
+// It is applied by the isolation package rather than by sandboxing the main process.
+type IsolationConfig struct {
+	Enabled     bool         `json:"enabled,omitempty"`
+	ExposePaths []ExposePath `json:"expose_paths,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// ExposePath describes a host path that should remain visible inside the isolated
+// child-process environment. This is currently implemented on Linux only.
+type ExposePath struct {
+	Source string `json:"source"`
+	Target string `json:"target,omitempty"`
+	Mode   string `json:"mode"`
+}
+
 // FilterSensitiveData filters sensitive values from content before sending to LLM.
 // This prevents the LLM from seeing its own credentials.
 // Uses strings.Replacer for O(n+m) performance (computed once per SecurityConfig).
diff --git a/pkg/config/config_test.go b/pkg/config/config_test.go
index 1c6b784c7..f0449d98f 100644
--- a/pkg/config/config_test.go
+++ b/pkg/config/config_test.go
@@ -852,6 +852,37 @@ func TestDefaultConfig_WorkspacePath_WithPicoclawHome(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestDefaultConfig_IsolationEnabled(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	if cfg.Isolation.Enabled {
+		t.Fatal("DefaultConfig().Isolation.Enabled should be false")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConfig_UnmarshalIsolation(t *testing.T) {
+	cfg := DefaultConfig()
+	raw := []byte(`{
+		"isolation": {
+			"enabled": false,
+			"expose_paths": [
+				{"source":"/src","target":"/dst","mode":"ro"}
+			]
+		}
+	}`)
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(raw, cfg); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("json.Unmarshal isolation config: %v", err)
+	}
+	if cfg.Isolation.Enabled {
+		t.Fatal("Isolation.Enabled should be false after unmarshal")
+	}
+	if len(cfg.Isolation.ExposePaths) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("ExposePaths len = %d, want 1", len(cfg.Isolation.ExposePaths))
+	}
+	if got := cfg.Isolation.ExposePaths[0]; got.Source != "/src" || got.Target != "/dst" || got.Mode != "ro" {
+		t.Fatalf("ExposePaths[0] = %+v, want source=/src target=/dst mode=ro", got)
+	}
+}
+
 // TestFlexibleStringSlice_UnmarshalText tests UnmarshalText with various comma separators
 func TestFlexibleStringSlice_UnmarshalText(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
diff --git a/pkg/config/defaults.go b/pkg/config/defaults.go
index c2e1a31f3..bb073d436 100644
--- a/pkg/config/defaults.go
+++ b/pkg/config/defaults.go
@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@ func DefaultConfig() *Config {
 
 	return &Config{
 		Version: CurrentVersion,
+		// Isolation is opt-in so existing installations keep their current behavior
+		// until the user explicitly enables subprocess sandboxing.
+		Isolation: IsolationConfig{
+			Enabled: false,
+		},
 		Agents: AgentsConfig{
 			Defaults: AgentDefaults{
 				Workspace:                 workspacePath,
diff --git a/pkg/isolation/README.md b/pkg/isolation/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de16ce505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/isolation/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# `pkg/isolation`
+
+`pkg/isolation` provides process-level isolation for child processes started by `picoclaw`.
+
+It does not sandbox the main `picoclaw` process itself.
+
+## Scope
+
+The current scope is the child-process startup path:
+
+- `exec` tool
+- CLI providers such as `claude-cli` and `codex-cli`
+- process hooks
+- MCP `stdio` servers
+
+## One-Sentence Model
+
+- The `picoclaw` main process still runs in the host environment.
+- Every child process should enter the shared `pkg/isolation` startup path first.
+- The startup path applies platform-specific isolation according to config.
+
+## Architecture
+
+The implementation has four layers:
+
+1. Configuration layer: reads `config.Config.Isolation` and injects it through `isolation.Configure(cfg)`.
+2. Instance layout layer: resolves `config.GetHome()`, prepares instance directories, and builds the runtime user environment.
+3. Platform backend layer: Linux uses `bwrap`; Windows uses a restricted token, low integrity, and a `Job Object`; other platforms are not implemented.
+4. Unified startup layer: `PrepareCommand(cmd)`, `Start(cmd)`, and `Run(cmd)`.
+
+All integrations that spawn subprocesses should reuse these helpers instead of calling `cmd.Start` or `cmd.Run` directly.
+
+## Configuration
+
+Isolation lives under:
+
+```json
+{
+  "isolation": {
+    "enabled": false,
+    "expose_paths": []
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Field meanings:
+
+- `enabled`: enables or disables subprocess isolation. Default: `false`.
+- `expose_paths`: explicitly exposes host paths inside the isolated environment. It only matters when `enabled=true`. This is currently supported on Linux only.
+
+Example:
+
+```json
+{
+  "isolation": {
+    "enabled": true,
+    "expose_paths": [
+      {
+        "source": "/opt/toolchains/go",
+        "target": "/opt/toolchains/go",
+        "mode": "ro"
+      },
+      {
+        "source": "/data/shared-assets",
+        "target": "/opt/picoclaw-instance-a/workspace/assets",
+        "mode": "rw"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Rules for `expose_paths`:
+
+- `source` is a host path.
+- `target` is the path inside the isolated environment.
+- `mode` must be `ro` or `rw`.
+- When `target` is empty, it defaults to `source`.
+- Only one final rule may exist for the same `target`.
+- Later-loaded config overrides earlier rules for the same `target`.
+
+Platform note:
+
+- Linux uses a real `source -> target` mount view.
+- Windows does not currently support `expose_paths`.
+
+## Instance Root And Directories
+
+The instance root follows `config.GetHome()`:
+
+- If `PICOCLAW_HOME` is set, use it.
+- Otherwise use the default `.picoclaw` directory under the user home.
+
+If `config.GetHome()` falls back to `.` while isolation is enabled, startup should fail.
+
+Default instance directories include:
+
+- instance root
+- `skills`
+- `logs`
+- `cache`
+- `state`
+- `runtime-user-env`
+
+`workspace` is derived from `cfg.WorkspacePath()` when configured, otherwise from the default workspace rule.
+
+Windows also prepares:
+
+- `runtime-user-env/AppData/Roaming`
+- `runtime-user-env/AppData/Local`
+
+## User Environment Redirect
+
+When isolation is enabled, child processes receive a redirected per-instance user environment.
+
+Linux variables:
+
+- `HOME`
+- `TMPDIR`
+- `XDG_CONFIG_HOME`
+- `XDG_CACHE_HOME`
+- `XDG_STATE_HOME`
+
+Windows variables:
+
+- `USERPROFILE`
+- `HOME`
+- `TEMP`
+- `TMP`
+- `APPDATA`
+- `LOCALAPPDATA`
+
+These paths point into `runtime-user-env` under the instance root.
+
+## Platform Behavior
+
+### Linux
+
+The Linux backend currently depends on `bwrap` (`bubblewrap`).
+
+Capabilities:
+
+- minimal filesystem view
+- `ipc` namespace isolation
+- redirected child-process user environment
+- `source -> target` read-only or read-write mounts
+
+Default mounts include the instance root plus the minimum runtime system paths such as `/usr`, `/bin`, `/lib`, `/lib64`, and `/etc/resolv.conf`.
+
+At runtime, PicoClaw also adds the executable path, its directory, the effective working directory, and absolute path arguments when needed.
+
+There is no automatic fallback when `bwrap` is missing.
+
+Install examples:
+
+- `apt install bubblewrap`
+- `dnf install bubblewrap`
+- `yum install bubblewrap`
+- `pacman -S bubblewrap`
+- `apk add bubblewrap`
+
+If isolation must be disabled temporarily:
+
+```json
+{
+  "isolation": {
+    "enabled": false
+  }
+}
+```
+
+Disabling isolation increases the risk that child processes can access or modify more host files.
+
+### Windows
+
+Windows isolation currently supports process-level restrictions such as restricted tokens, low integrity, job objects, and redirected user-environment directories.
+
+`expose_paths` is not currently supported on Windows. If it is configured, startup should fail instead of pretending the paths were exposed.
+
+The Windows backend currently uses:
+
+- a restricted primary token
+- low integrity level
+- a `Job Object`
+- redirected child-process user environment
+
+It does not currently implement true `source -> target` filesystem remapping.
+
+### macOS And Other Platforms
+
+They are not implemented yet.
+
+When isolation is explicitly enabled on an unsupported platform, the higher-level runtime should surface that as an unsupported configuration instead of pretending isolation succeeded.
+
+## Logging And Debugging
+
+When isolation is enabled, PicoClaw logs the generated isolation plan.
+
+Linux log name:
+
+- `linux isolation mount plan`
+
+Windows log name:
+
+- `windows isolation access rules`
+
+If you suspect isolation is ineffective, check whether unexpected host paths appear in those logs.
+
+## Relationship To `restrict_to_workspace`
+
+- `restrict_to_workspace` limits the paths an agent is normally allowed to access.
+- `pkg/isolation` limits what a child process can see and where its user environment points.
+
+They complement each other and do not replace each other.
+
+## Current Limits
+
+- Linux isolation is implemented with `bwrap`, not a custom in-process isolation runtime.
+- Linux does not currently enable a dedicated `pid` namespace by default.
+- Windows does not yet implement full host ACL enforcement for every allowed or denied path.
+- macOS is not implemented.
+- The current design isolates child processes, not the main `picoclaw` process.
+
+## Suggested Reading Order
+
+If you are new to this code, read it in this order:
+
+1. `pkg/config/config.go`
+2. `pkg/isolation/runtime.go`
+3. `pkg/isolation/platform_linux.go`
+4. `pkg/isolation/platform_windows.go`
+5. Call sites:
+6. `pkg/tools/shell.go`
+7. `pkg/providers/*.go`
+8. `pkg/agent/hook_process.go`
+9. `pkg/mcp/manager.go`
+
+That path gives the fastest overview of the configuration model, runtime flow, and platform-specific limits.
diff --git a/pkg/isolation/README_CN.md b/pkg/isolation/README_CN.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0529a84bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/isolation/README_CN.md
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+# `pkg/isolation`
+
+`pkg/isolation` 为 `picoclaw` 启动的子进程提供进程级隔离能力。
+
+它当前不会把 `picoclaw` 主进程自身放进沙箱中运行。
+
+## 生效范围
+
+当前生效范围是子进程启动链路：
+
+- `exec` 工具
+- `claude-cli`、`codex-cli` 等 CLI provider
+- 进程型 hooks
+- MCP `stdio` server
+
+## 一句话理解
+
+- `picoclaw` 主进程仍运行在宿主环境中。
+- 所有子进程都应先经过 `pkg/isolation` 的统一启动入口。
+- 入口会根据配置和平台，为子进程施加对应隔离。
+
+## 架构
+
+当前实现可以分为四层：
+
+1. 配置层：读取 `config.Config.Isolation`，并通过 `isolation.Configure(cfg)` 注入运行时。
+2. 实例目录层：解析 `config.GetHome()`，准备实例目录，并构建运行时用户环境目录。
+3. 平台后端层：Linux 使用 `bwrap`；Windows 使用受限 token、低完整性级别和 `Job Object`；其他平台未实现。
+4. 统一启动层：`PrepareCommand(cmd)`、`Start(cmd)`、`Run(cmd)`。
+
+所有启动子进程的接入点都应复用这组入口，而不是各自直接调用 `cmd.Start` 或 `cmd.Run`。
+
+## 配置
+
+隔离配置位于：
+
+```json
+{
+  "isolation": {
+    "enabled": false,
+    "expose_paths": []
+  }
+}
+```
+
+字段说明：
+
+- `enabled`：是否启用子进程隔离。默认值：`false`。
+- `expose_paths`：显式把宿主路径带入隔离环境。仅在 `enabled=true` 时生效。目前只在 Linux 上支持。
+
+示例：
+
+```json
+{
+  "isolation": {
+    "enabled": true,
+    "expose_paths": [
+      {
+        "source": "/opt/toolchains/go",
+        "target": "/opt/toolchains/go",
+        "mode": "ro"
+      },
+      {
+        "source": "/data/shared-assets",
+        "target": "/opt/picoclaw-instance-a/workspace/assets",
+        "mode": "rw"
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}
+```
+
+`expose_paths` 规则：
+
+- `source`：宿主机路径。
+- `target`：隔离环境内的目标路径。
+- `mode`：只能是 `ro` 或 `rw`。
+- `target` 为空时，默认等于 `source`。
+- 同一个 `target` 最终只能保留一条规则。
+- 后加载的配置会覆盖先加载的同目标规则。
+
+平台说明：
+
+- Linux 会真实使用 `source -> target` 挂载视图。
+- Windows 当前不支持 `expose_paths`。
+
+## 实例根与目录
+
+实例根遵循 `config.GetHome()`：
+
+- 如果设置了 `PICOCLAW_HOME`，使用该值。
+- 否则默认使用用户目录下的 `.picoclaw`。
+
+如果 `config.GetHome()` 在隔离开启时最终回退到当前目录 `.`，启动应直接失败。
+
+默认实例目录包括：
+
+- 实例根本身
+- `skills`
+- `logs`
+- `cache`
+- `state`
+- `runtime-user-env`
+
+`workspace` 优先使用 `cfg.WorkspacePath()` 的结果；未显式配置时才按默认规则派生。
+
+Windows 还会额外准备：
+
+- `runtime-user-env/AppData/Roaming`
+- `runtime-user-env/AppData/Local`
+
+## 用户环境重定向
+
+隔离开启后，子进程会收到重定向到实例目录下的独立用户环境。
+
+Linux 注入变量：
+
+- `HOME`
+- `TMPDIR`
+- `XDG_CONFIG_HOME`
+- `XDG_CACHE_HOME`
+- `XDG_STATE_HOME`
+
+Windows 注入变量：
+
+- `USERPROFILE`
+- `HOME`
+- `TEMP`
+- `TMP`
+- `APPDATA`
+- `LOCALAPPDATA`
+
+这些路径都会指向实例根下的 `runtime-user-env`。
+
+## 平台行为
+
+### Linux
+
+Linux 后端当前依赖 `bwrap`（`bubblewrap`）。
+
+能力：
+
+- 最小文件系统视图
+- `ipc namespace`
+- 子进程用户环境重定向
+- `source -> target` 只读或读写挂载
+
+默认映射包括实例根，以及 `/usr`、`/bin`、`/lib`、`/lib64`、`/etc/resolv.conf` 等最小运行时系统路径。
+
+运行时还会按需补充可执行文件本身、其所在目录、生效后的工作目录，以及命令行中的绝对路径参数。
+
+缺少 `bwrap` 时不会自动回退。
+
+安装示例：
+
+- `apt install bubblewrap`
+- `dnf install bubblewrap`
+- `yum install bubblewrap`
+- `pacman -S bubblewrap`
+- `apk add bubblewrap`
+
+如果需要临时关闭隔离：
+
+```json
+{
+  "isolation": {
+    "enabled": false
+  }
+}
+```
+
+关闭隔离后，子进程访问或修改更多宿主文件的风险会明显上升。
+
+### Windows
+
+Windows 隔离当前提供的是进程级限制，例如 restricted token、low integrity、job object，以及用户环境目录重定向。
+
+`expose_paths` 目前不支持 Windows。如果配置了该字段，启动应直接失败，而不是假装这些路径已经被暴露进隔离环境。
+
+Windows 后端当前使用：
+
+- 受限 primary token
+- 低完整性级别
+- `Job Object`
+- 子进程用户环境重定向
+
+它当前不会实现真正的 `source -> target` 文件系统重映射。
+
+### macOS 与其他平台
+
+当前尚未实现。
+
+当在未支持的平台上显式开启隔离时，上层运行时应将其视为不支持的配置，而不是假装隔离成功。
+
+## 日志与排障
+
+隔离开启后，PicoClaw 会打印生成后的隔离计划，便于排障。
+
+Linux 日志名：
+
+- `linux isolation mount plan`
+
+Windows 日志名：
+
+- `windows isolation access rules`
+
+如果你怀疑隔离未生效，先检查这些日志里是否出现了不应暴露的宿主路径。
+
+## 与 `restrict_to_workspace` 的关系
+
+- `restrict_to_workspace` 限制的是 agent 默认可访问的路径。
+- `pkg/isolation` 限制的是子进程运行时能看到什么文件系统，以及它的用户环境指向哪里。
+
+两者互补，不互相替代。
+
+## 当前限制
+
+- Linux 基于 `bwrap` 实现，而不是纯内建 isolation runtime。
+- Linux 当前没有默认启用独立的 `pid namespace`。
+- Windows 还没有对所有允许/拒绝路径做完整 ACL 落地。
+- macOS 尚未实现。
+- 当前隔离的是子进程，不是 `picoclaw` 主进程自身。
+
+## 建议阅读顺序
+
+如果你是第一次看这部分代码，建议按这个顺序阅读：
+
+1. `pkg/config/config.go`
+2. `pkg/isolation/runtime.go`
+3. `pkg/isolation/platform_linux.go`
+4. `pkg/isolation/platform_windows.go`
+5. 调用点：
+6. `pkg/tools/shell.go`
+7. `pkg/providers/*.go`
+8. `pkg/agent/hook_process.go`
+9. `pkg/mcp/manager.go`
+
+这样能最快建立对配置模型、运行流程和平台边界的整体理解。
diff --git a/pkg/isolation/platform_linux.go b/pkg/isolation/platform_linux.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a282a4ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/isolation/platform_linux.go
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+//go:build linux
+
+package isolation
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
+)
+
+func applyPlatformIsolation(cmd *exec.Cmd, isolation config.IsolationConfig, root string) error {
+	if !isolation.Enabled {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Bubblewrap is the only supported Linux backend right now. Fail closed when
+	// it is unavailable instead of silently running the child process unisolated.
+	bwrapPath, err := exec.LookPath("bwrap")
+	if err != nil {
+		hint := bwrapInstallHint()
+		disableHint := `set "isolation.enabled": false in config.json`
+		logger.WarnCF("isolation", "bubblewrap is required for Linux isolation",
+			map[string]any{
+				"binary":            "bwrap",
+				"install":           hint,
+				"disable_isolation": disableHint,
+				"risk":              "disabling isolation lets child processes run without Linux filesystem isolation",
+			})
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"linux isolation requires bwrap and does not fall back automatically: %w; install bubblewrap with one of: %s; or disable isolation by setting %s; disabling isolation means child processes can run without Linux filesystem isolation and may access or modify more host files",
+			err,
+			hint,
+			disableHint,
+		)
+	}
+	if cmd == nil || cmd.Path == "" || len(cmd.Args) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	originalPath := cmd.Path
+	originalArgs := append([]string{}, cmd.Args...)
+	_, execDir, err := resolveLinuxWorkingDir(cmd.Dir, originalPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	resolvedPath, err := resolveLinuxCommandPath(originalPath, execDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Start from the configured mount plan, then add only the executable, its
+	// resolved path, the effective working directory, and any absolute path
+	// arguments needed to preserve the original command semantics.
+	plan := BuildLinuxMountPlan(root, isolation.ExposePaths)
+	plan = ensureLinuxMountRule(plan, resolvedPath, resolvedPath, "ro")
+	plan = ensureLinuxMountRule(plan, filepath.Dir(resolvedPath), filepath.Dir(resolvedPath), "ro")
+	if resolved, resolveErr := filepath.EvalSymlinks(resolvedPath); resolveErr == nil && resolved != resolvedPath {
+		plan = ensureLinuxMountRule(plan, resolved, resolved, "ro")
+		plan = ensureLinuxMountRule(plan, filepath.Dir(resolved), filepath.Dir(resolved), "ro")
+	}
+	if execDir != "" {
+		plan = ensureLinuxMountRule(plan, execDir, execDir, "rw")
+		if resolved, resolveErr := filepath.EvalSymlinks(execDir); resolveErr == nil && resolved != execDir {
+			plan = ensureLinuxMountRule(plan, resolved, resolved, "rw")
+		}
+	}
+	plan = appendLinuxArgumentMounts(plan, originalArgs[1:])
+	logger.DebugCF("isolation", "linux isolation mount plan",
+		map[string]any{
+			"root":        root,
+			"command":     resolvedPath,
+			"working_dir": execDir,
+			"mounts":      formatLinuxMountPlan(plan),
+		})
+	bwrapArgs, err := buildLinuxBwrapArgs(originalPath, resolvedPath, originalArgs, execDir, plan)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	cmd.Path = bwrapPath
+	cmd.Args = bwrapArgs
+	cmd.Dir = ""
+	return nil
+}
+
+func bwrapInstallHint() string {
+	return "apt install bubblewrap; dnf install bubblewrap; yum install bubblewrap; pacman -S bubblewrap; apk add bubblewrap"
+}
+
+// formatLinuxMountPlan reshapes the internal plan for structured logging.
+func formatLinuxMountPlan(plan []MountRule) []map[string]string {
+	formatted := make([]map[string]string, 0, len(plan))
+	for _, rule := range plan {
+		formatted = append(formatted, map[string]string{
+			"source": rule.Source,
+			"target": rule.Target,
+			"mode":   rule.Mode,
+		})
+	}
+	return formatted
+}
+
+func postStartPlatformIsolation(cmd *exec.Cmd, isolation config.IsolationConfig, root string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func cleanupPendingPlatformResources(cmd *exec.Cmd) {
+}
+
+// buildLinuxBwrapArgs translates the mount plan into the bubblewrap command
+// line that re-executes the original process inside the isolated mount view.
+func buildLinuxBwrapArgs(
+	originalPath string,
+	resolvedPath string,
+	originalArgs []string,
+	execDir string,
+	plan []MountRule,
+) ([]string, error) {
+	bwrapArgs := []string{
+		"bwrap",
+		"--die-with-parent",
+		"--unshare-ipc",
+		"--proc", "/proc",
+		"--dev", "/dev",
+	}
+	for _, rule := range plan {
+		flag, err := linuxBindFlag(rule)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		bwrapArgs = append(bwrapArgs, flag, rule.Source, rule.Target)
+	}
+	if execDir != "" {
+		bwrapArgs = append(bwrapArgs, "--chdir", execDir)
+	}
+	execPath := originalPath
+	if isRelativeCommandPath(originalPath) {
+		execPath = resolvedPath
+	}
+	bwrapArgs = append(bwrapArgs, "--", execPath)
+	if len(originalArgs) > 1 {
+		bwrapArgs = append(bwrapArgs, originalArgs[1:]...)
+	}
+	return bwrapArgs, nil
+}
+
+func resolveLinuxWorkingDir(originalDir, originalPath string) (string, string, error) {
+	if originalDir != "" {
+		resolved, err := filepath.Abs(originalDir)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("resolve command dir %s: %w", originalDir, err)
+		}
+		return resolved, resolved, nil
+	}
+	if !isRelativeCommandPath(originalPath) {
+		return "", "", nil
+	}
+	wd, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("resolve current working dir: %w", err)
+	}
+	return "", wd, nil
+}
+
+func resolveLinuxCommandPath(originalPath, execDir string) (string, error) {
+	if filepath.IsAbs(originalPath) || !isRelativeCommandPath(originalPath) {
+		return filepath.Clean(originalPath), nil
+	}
+	base := execDir
+	if base == "" {
+		var err error
+		base, err = os.Getwd()
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("resolve current working dir: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return filepath.Clean(filepath.Join(base, originalPath)), nil
+}
+
+func appendLinuxArgumentMounts(plan []MountRule, args []string) []MountRule {
+	for _, arg := range args {
+		path, ok := linuxArgumentPath(arg)
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		clean := filepath.Clean(path)
+		if info, err := os.Stat(clean); err == nil {
+			mode := "ro"
+			if info.IsDir() {
+				mode = "rw"
+			}
+			plan = ensureLinuxMountRule(plan, clean, clean, mode)
+			if resolved, resolveErr := filepath.EvalSymlinks(clean); resolveErr == nil && resolved != clean {
+				plan = ensureLinuxMountRule(plan, resolved, resolved, mode)
+			}
+			continue
+		} else if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+			continue
+		}
+		parent := filepath.Dir(clean)
+		if parent == clean {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, err := os.Stat(parent); err == nil {
+			plan = ensureLinuxMountRule(plan, parent, parent, "rw")
+		}
+	}
+	return plan
+}
+
+func linuxArgumentPath(arg string) (string, bool) {
+	if filepath.IsAbs(arg) {
+		return arg, true
+	}
+	idx := strings.IndexRune(arg, '=')
+	if idx <= 0 || idx == len(arg)-1 {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	value := arg[idx+1:]
+	if !filepath.IsAbs(value) {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	return value, true
+}
+
+func isRelativeCommandPath(path string) bool {
+	return !filepath.IsAbs(path) && strings.ContainsRune(path, filepath.Separator)
+}
+
+// ensureLinuxMountRule appends a mount rule unless another rule already owns
+// the same target path.
+func ensureLinuxMountRule(plan []MountRule, source, target, mode string) []MountRule {
+	cleanSource := filepath.Clean(source)
+	cleanTarget := filepath.Clean(target)
+	for _, rule := range plan {
+		if filepath.Clean(rule.Target) == cleanTarget {
+			return plan
+		}
+	}
+	return append(plan, MountRule{Source: cleanSource, Target: cleanTarget, Mode: mode})
+}
+
+// linuxBindFlag selects the correct bubblewrap bind flag based on mount mode.
+func linuxBindFlag(rule MountRule) (string, error) {
+	info, err := os.Stat(rule.Source)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("stat linux mount source %s: %w", rule.Source, err)
+	}
+	if !info.IsDir() {
+		if rule.Mode == "rw" {
+			return "--bind", nil
+		}
+		return "--ro-bind", nil
+	}
+	if rule.Mode == "rw" {
+		return "--bind", nil
+	}
+	return "--ro-bind", nil
+}
diff --git a/pkg/isolation/platform_linux_test.go b/pkg/isolation/platform_linux_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2dcca96ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/isolation/platform_linux_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+//go:build linux
+
+package isolation
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+func TestBuildLinuxBwrapArgs_IncludesNamespaceFlagsAndExec(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	binaryDir := filepath.Join(root, "bin")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(binaryDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	binaryPath := filepath.Join(binaryDir, "tool")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(binaryPath, []byte("#!/bin/sh\nexit 0\n"), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	plan := BuildLinuxMountPlan(root, []config.ExposePath{{Source: binaryDir, Target: binaryDir, Mode: "ro"}})
+	args, err := buildLinuxBwrapArgs(binaryPath, binaryPath, []string{binaryPath, "--flag"}, root, plan)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("buildLinuxBwrapArgs() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	hasNet := false
+	hasIPC := false
+	hasExec := false
+	for i := range args {
+		switch args[i] {
+		case "--unshare-net":
+			hasNet = true
+		case "--unshare-ipc":
+			hasIPC = true
+		case "--":
+			if i+1 < len(args) && args[i+1] == binaryPath {
+				hasExec = true
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if hasNet {
+		t.Fatalf("bwrap args should not unshare net by default: %v", args)
+	}
+	if !hasIPC || !hasExec {
+		t.Fatalf("bwrap args missing required items: %v", args)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveLinuxWorkingDir_ResolvesRelativeDir(t *testing.T) {
+	cwd := t.TempDir()
+	previous, err := os.Getwd()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if chdirErr := os.Chdir(previous); chdirErr != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("restore cwd: %v", chdirErr)
+		}
+	}()
+	if chdirErr := os.Chdir(cwd); chdirErr != nil {
+		t.Fatal(chdirErr)
+	}
+
+	resolvedDir, execDir, err := resolveLinuxWorkingDir("./hooks", "./hook.sh")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveLinuxWorkingDir() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	want := filepath.Join(cwd, "hooks")
+	if resolvedDir != want || execDir != want {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveLinuxWorkingDir() = (%q, %q), want (%q, %q)", resolvedDir, execDir, want, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestResolveLinuxCommandPath_UsesExecDirForRelativeCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	execDir := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "hooks")
+	got, err := resolveLinuxCommandPath("./hook.sh", execDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveLinuxCommandPath() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	want := filepath.Join(execDir, "hook.sh")
+	if got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("resolveLinuxCommandPath() = %q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildLinuxBwrapArgs_UsesResolvedPathForRelativeCommand(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	execDir := filepath.Join(root, "hooks")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(execDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	resolvedPath := filepath.Join(execDir, "hook.sh")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(resolvedPath, []byte("#!/bin/sh\nexit 0\n"), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	plan := []MountRule{
+		{Source: execDir, Target: execDir, Mode: "rw"},
+		{Source: resolvedPath, Target: resolvedPath, Mode: "ro"},
+	}
+	args, err := buildLinuxBwrapArgs("./hook.sh", resolvedPath, []string{"./hook.sh"}, execDir, plan)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("buildLinuxBwrapArgs() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	hasExecDir := false
+	for _, arg := range args {
+		if arg == execDir {
+			hasExecDir = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !hasExecDir {
+		t.Fatalf("buildLinuxBwrapArgs() missing resolved chdir: %v", args)
+	}
+	for i := range args {
+		if args[i] == "--" {
+			if i+1 >= len(args) || args[i+1] != resolvedPath {
+				t.Fatalf("buildLinuxBwrapArgs() exec path = %v, want %q after --", args, resolvedPath)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatalf("buildLinuxBwrapArgs() missing exec delimiter: %v", args)
+}
+
+func TestAppendLinuxArgumentMounts_AddsAbsoluteArgumentPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	input := filepath.Join(root, "input.txt")
+	if err := os.WriteFile(input, []byte("data"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	output := filepath.Join(root, "out", "result.txt")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(output), 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	plan := appendLinuxArgumentMounts(nil, []string{input, "--output=" + output})
+	if len(plan) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("appendLinuxArgumentMounts() len = %d, want 2", len(plan))
+	}
+	if plan[0].Source != input || plan[0].Mode != "ro" {
+		t.Fatalf("appendLinuxArgumentMounts()[0] = %+v, want source=%q mode=ro", plan[0], input)
+	}
+	if plan[1].Source != filepath.Dir(output) || plan[1].Mode != "rw" {
+		t.Fatalf("appendLinuxArgumentMounts()[1] = %+v, want source=%q mode=rw", plan[1], filepath.Dir(output))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/isolation/platform_other.go b/pkg/isolation/platform_other.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8d06e2ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/isolation/platform_other.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//go:build !linux && !windows
+
+package isolation
+
+import (
+	"os/exec"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+func applyPlatformIsolation(cmd *exec.Cmd, isolation config.IsolationConfig, root string) error {
+	// Unsupported platforms currently keep the command unchanged. Callers rely on
+	// Preflight and higher-level checks to surface unsupported isolation modes.
+	return nil
+}
+
+func postStartPlatformIsolation(cmd *exec.Cmd, isolation config.IsolationConfig, root string) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func cleanupPendingPlatformResources(cmd *exec.Cmd) {
+}
diff --git a/pkg/isolation/platform_windows.go b/pkg/isolation/platform_windows.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9434976f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/isolation/platform_windows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package isolation
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os/exec"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/logger"
+)
+
+const disableMaxPrivilege = 0x1
+
+// windowsProcessResources holds native handles that must live for the lifetime
+// of an isolated child process.
+type windowsProcessResources struct {
+	job   windows.Handle
+	token windows.Token
+}
+
+var (
+	windowsProcessResourcesByPID sync.Map
+	windowsPendingResources      sync.Map
+	advapi32                     = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("advapi32.dll")
+	procCreateRestrictedToken    = advapi32.NewProc("CreateRestrictedToken")
+)
+
+func applyPlatformIsolation(cmd *exec.Cmd, isolation config.IsolationConfig, root string) error {
+	if !isolation.Enabled || cmd == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if cmd.SysProcAttr == nil {
+		cmd.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{}
+	}
+	rules := BuildWindowsAccessRules(root, isolation.ExposePaths)
+	logger.InfoCF("isolation", "windows isolation process constraints",
+		map[string]any{
+			"root":    root,
+			"command": cmd.Path,
+			"rules":   formatWindowsAccessRules(rules),
+			"note":    "Windows currently enforces restricted token, low integrity, and job object limits; expose_paths filesystem remapping is rejected during preflight",
+		})
+	// Create the restricted token before the process starts so CreateProcess uses
+	// the reduced privilege set from the first instruction.
+	restrictedToken, err := createRestrictedPrimaryToken()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create restricted primary token: %w", err)
+	}
+	cmd.SysProcAttr.CreationFlags |= windows.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP | windows.CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB
+	cmd.SysProcAttr.Token = syscall.Token(restrictedToken)
+	windowsPendingResources.Store(cmd, windowsProcessResources{token: restrictedToken})
+	return nil
+}
+
+func postStartPlatformIsolation(cmd *exec.Cmd, isolation config.IsolationConfig, root string) error {
+	if !isolation.Enabled || cmd == nil || cmd.Process == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	resourcesAny, _ := windowsPendingResources.LoadAndDelete(cmd)
+	resources, _ := resourcesAny.(windowsProcessResources)
+	// Job objects can only be attached after the process exists, so the Windows
+	// backend finishes isolation in this post-start hook.
+	job, err := windows.CreateJobObject(nil, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		if resources.token != 0 {
+			_ = resources.token.Close()
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("create windows job object: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	info := windows.JOBOBJECT_EXTENDED_LIMIT_INFORMATION{}
+	info.BasicLimitInformation.LimitFlags = windows.JOB_OBJECT_LIMIT_KILL_ON_JOB_CLOSE
+	if _, err := windows.SetInformationJobObject(
+		job,
+		windows.JobObjectExtendedLimitInformation,
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&info)),
+		uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(info)),
+	); err != nil {
+		_ = windows.CloseHandle(job)
+		if resources.token != 0 {
+			_ = resources.token.Close()
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("set windows job object info: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	proc, err := windows.OpenProcess(
+		windows.PROCESS_SET_QUOTA|windows.PROCESS_TERMINATE|windows.PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION|windows.SYNCHRONIZE,
+		false,
+		uint32(cmd.Process.Pid),
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		_ = windows.CloseHandle(job)
+		if resources.token != 0 {
+			_ = resources.token.Close()
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("open process for job assignment: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := windows.AssignProcessToJobObject(job, proc); err != nil {
+		_ = windows.CloseHandle(proc)
+		_ = windows.CloseHandle(job)
+		if resources.token != 0 {
+			_ = resources.token.Close()
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("assign process to job object: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if resources.token != 0 {
+		_ = resources.token.Close()
+	}
+	resources.job = job
+	windowsProcessResourcesByPID.Store(cmd.Process.Pid, resources)
+	go reapWindowsProcessResources(cmd.Process.Pid, proc, job)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func cleanupPendingPlatformResources(cmd *exec.Cmd) {
+	if cmd == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	resourcesAny, ok := windowsPendingResources.LoadAndDelete(cmd)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+	resources, _ := resourcesAny.(windowsProcessResources)
+	if resources.token != 0 {
+		_ = resources.token.Close()
+	}
+}
+
+func reapWindowsProcessResources(pid int, proc windows.Handle, job windows.Handle) {
+	_, _ = windows.WaitForSingleObject(proc, windows.INFINITE)
+	_ = windows.CloseHandle(proc)
+	_ = windows.CloseHandle(job)
+	windowsProcessResourcesByPID.Delete(pid)
+}
+
+// createRestrictedPrimaryToken duplicates the current process token, removes
+// maximum privileges, and lowers integrity before it is assigned to a child.
+func createRestrictedPrimaryToken() (windows.Token, error) {
+	var current windows.Token
+	if err := windows.OpenProcessToken(
+		windows.CurrentProcess(),
+		windows.TOKEN_DUPLICATE|windows.TOKEN_ASSIGN_PRIMARY|windows.TOKEN_QUERY|windows.TOKEN_ADJUST_DEFAULT,
+		&current,
+	); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer current.Close()
+
+	var restricted windows.Token
+	r1, _, e1 := procCreateRestrictedToken.Call(
+		uintptr(current),
+		uintptr(disableMaxPrivilege),
+		0,
+		0,
+		0,
+		0,
+		0,
+		0,
+		0,
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&restricted)),
+	)
+	if r1 == 0 {
+		if e1 != nil && e1 != syscall.Errno(0) {
+			return 0, e1
+		}
+		return 0, syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	if err := setTokenLowIntegrity(restricted); err != nil {
+		_ = restricted.Close()
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return restricted, nil
+}
+
+// setTokenLowIntegrity lowers the token integrity level so writes to higher
+// integrity locations are blocked by the OS.
+func setTokenLowIntegrity(token windows.Token) error {
+	lowSID, err := windows.CreateWellKnownSid(windows.WinLowLabelSid)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("create low integrity sid: %w", err)
+	}
+	tml := windows.Tokenmandatorylabel{
+		Label: windows.SIDAndAttributes{
+			Sid:        lowSID,
+			Attributes: windows.SE_GROUP_INTEGRITY,
+		},
+	}
+	if err := windows.SetTokenInformation(
+		token,
+		windows.TokenIntegrityLevel,
+		(*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&tml)),
+		tml.Size(),
+	); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set token low integrity: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// formatWindowsAccessRules reshapes the internal rules for structured logging.
+func formatWindowsAccessRules(rules []AccessRule) []map[string]string {
+	formatted := make([]map[string]string, 0, len(rules))
+	for _, rule := range rules {
+		formatted = append(formatted, map[string]string{
+			"path": rule.Path,
+			"mode": rule.Mode,
+		})
+	}
+	return formatted
+}
diff --git a/pkg/isolation/runtime.go b/pkg/isolation/runtime.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2de98b88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/isolation/runtime.go
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+package isolation
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+// MountRule describes a source-to-target mount exposed inside the Linux
+// isolation view.
+type MountRule struct {
+	Source string
+	Target string
+	Mode   string
+}
+
+// AccessRule describes the effective Windows-side access rule for a host path.
+type AccessRule struct {
+	Path string
+	Mode string
+}
+
+// UserEnv contains the redirected per-instance user directories injected into
+// isolated child processes.
+type UserEnv struct {
+	Home         string
+	Tmp          string
+	Config       string
+	Cache        string
+	State        string
+	AppData      string
+	LocalAppData string
+}
+
+var (
+	isolationMu      sync.RWMutex
+	currentIsolation = config.DefaultConfig().Isolation
+)
+
+// Configure updates the process-wide isolation state used by subsequent child
+// process launches.
+func Configure(cfg *config.Config) {
+	isolationMu.Lock()
+	defer isolationMu.Unlock()
+	if cfg == nil {
+		defaults := config.DefaultConfig()
+		currentIsolation = defaults.Isolation
+		return
+	}
+	currentIsolation = cfg.Isolation
+}
+
+// CurrentConfig returns the currently active isolation settings.
+func CurrentConfig() config.IsolationConfig {
+	isolationMu.RLock()
+	defer isolationMu.RUnlock()
+	return currentIsolation
+}
+
+// ResolveInstanceRoot resolves the instance root used to build the isolated
+// filesystem and redirected user environment.
+func ResolveInstanceRoot() (string, error) {
+	root := filepath.Clean(config.GetHome())
+	if root == "." {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("instance root resolved to current directory")
+	}
+	return root, nil
+}
+
+// PrepareInstanceRoot creates the directories required by the isolation runtime.
+func PrepareInstanceRoot(root string) error {
+	for _, dir := range InstanceDirs(root) {
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("prepare instance dir %s: %w", dir, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// InstanceDirs returns the directories that must exist under the instance root
+// for isolation-aware child processes.
+func InstanceDirs(root string) []string {
+	dirs := []string{
+		root,
+		filepath.Join(root, "skills"),
+		filepath.Join(root, "logs"),
+		filepath.Join(root, "cache"),
+		filepath.Join(root, "state"),
+		filepath.Join(root, "runtime-user-env"),
+		filepath.Join(root, "runtime-user-env", "home"),
+		filepath.Join(root, "runtime-user-env", "tmp"),
+		filepath.Join(root, "runtime-user-env", "config"),
+		filepath.Join(root, "runtime-user-env", "cache"),
+		filepath.Join(root, "runtime-user-env", "state"),
+	}
+	dirs = append(dirs, filepath.Join(root, pkg.WorkspaceName))
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		dirs = append(dirs,
+			filepath.Join(root, "runtime-user-env", "AppData", "Roaming"),
+			filepath.Join(root, "runtime-user-env", "AppData", "Local"),
+		)
+	}
+	return dirs
+}
+
+// ResolveUserEnv derives the redirected user directories rooted under the
+// instance runtime area.
+func ResolveUserEnv(root string) UserEnv {
+	base := filepath.Join(root, "runtime-user-env")
+	return UserEnv{
+		Home:         filepath.Join(base, "home"),
+		Tmp:          filepath.Join(base, "tmp"),
+		Config:       filepath.Join(base, "config"),
+		Cache:        filepath.Join(base, "cache"),
+		State:        filepath.Join(base, "state"),
+		AppData:      filepath.Join(base, "AppData", "Roaming"),
+		LocalAppData: filepath.Join(base, "AppData", "Local"),
+	}
+}
+
+// ApplyUserEnv rewrites the child process environment so home, temp, and
+// platform-specific user-data directories point into the instance root.
+func ApplyUserEnv(cmd *exec.Cmd, root string) {
+	userEnv := ResolveUserEnv(root)
+	envMap := make(map[string]string)
+	for _, item := range cmd.Environ() {
+		if idx := strings.IndexRune(item, '='); idx > 0 {
+			envMap[item[:idx]] = item[idx+1:]
+		}
+	}
+
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		envMap["USERPROFILE"] = userEnv.Home
+		envMap["HOME"] = userEnv.Home
+		envMap["TEMP"] = userEnv.Tmp
+		envMap["TMP"] = userEnv.Tmp
+		envMap["APPDATA"] = userEnv.AppData
+		envMap["LOCALAPPDATA"] = userEnv.LocalAppData
+	} else {
+		envMap["HOME"] = userEnv.Home
+		envMap["TMPDIR"] = userEnv.Tmp
+		envMap["XDG_CONFIG_HOME"] = userEnv.Config
+		envMap["XDG_CACHE_HOME"] = userEnv.Cache
+		envMap["XDG_STATE_HOME"] = userEnv.State
+	}
+
+	env := make([]string, 0, len(envMap))
+	for k, v := range envMap {
+		env = append(env, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", k, v))
+	}
+	cmd.Env = env
+}
+
+// ValidateExposePaths verifies the user-supplied path exposure rules before a
+// child process is started.
+func ValidateExposePaths(items []config.ExposePath) error {
+	seen := map[string]struct{}{}
+	for _, item := range items {
+		if item.Source == "" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("source is required")
+		}
+		if item.Mode != "ro" && item.Mode != "rw" {
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid expose_paths mode: %s", item.Mode)
+		}
+
+		source := filepath.Clean(item.Source)
+		target := item.Target
+		if target == "" {
+			target = source
+		}
+		target = filepath.Clean(target)
+
+		if !filepath.IsAbs(source) || !filepath.IsAbs(target) {
+			return fmt.Errorf("source and target must be absolute paths")
+		}
+		if _, ok := seen[target]; ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("duplicate expose_path target: %s", target)
+		}
+		seen[target] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NormalizeExposePath fills implicit defaults and cleans path values so merge
+// and validation logic can work with canonical paths.
+func NormalizeExposePath(item config.ExposePath) config.ExposePath {
+	source := filepath.Clean(item.Source)
+	target := item.Target
+	if target == "" {
+		target = source
+	}
+	return config.ExposePath{
+		Source: source,
+		Target: filepath.Clean(target),
+		Mode:   item.Mode,
+	}
+}
+
+// DefaultExposePaths returns the minimum built-in host paths required for the
+// current platform to run isolated child processes.
+func DefaultExposePaths(root string) []config.ExposePath {
+	items := []config.ExposePath{{
+		Source: root,
+		Target: root,
+		Mode:   "rw",
+	}}
+	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
+		items = append(items, defaultLinuxSystemExposePaths()...)
+	}
+	return items
+}
+
+func defaultLinuxSystemExposePaths() []config.ExposePath {
+	return existingExposePaths([]config.ExposePath{
+		{Source: "/usr", Target: "/usr", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/bin", Target: "/bin", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/lib", Target: "/lib", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/lib64", Target: "/lib64", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/resolv.conf", Target: "/etc/resolv.conf", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/hosts", Target: "/etc/hosts", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/nsswitch.conf", Target: "/etc/nsswitch.conf", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/passwd", Target: "/etc/passwd", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/group", Target: "/etc/group", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/ssl", Target: "/etc/ssl", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/pki", Target: "/etc/pki", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/ca-certificates", Target: "/etc/ca-certificates", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/usr/share/ca-certificates", Target: "/usr/share/ca-certificates", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/usr/local/share/ca-certificates", Target: "/usr/local/share/ca-certificates", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/alternatives", Target: "/etc/alternatives", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/usr/share/zoneinfo", Target: "/usr/share/zoneinfo", Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: "/etc/localtime", Target: "/etc/localtime", Mode: "ro"},
+	})
+}
+
+// existingExposePaths keeps only the builtin host paths that exist on the
+// current machine so Linux isolation does not fail on distro-specific paths.
+func existingExposePaths(items []config.ExposePath) []config.ExposePath {
+	filtered := make([]config.ExposePath, 0, len(items))
+	for _, item := range items {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(item.Source); err == nil {
+			filtered = append(filtered, item)
+		}
+	}
+	return filtered
+}
+
+// MergeExposePaths merges built-in rules with user overrides. Rules are keyed
+// by target path so later entries replace earlier ones for the same target.
+func MergeExposePaths(defaults []config.ExposePath, overrides []config.ExposePath) []config.ExposePath {
+	merged := make([]config.ExposePath, 0, len(defaults)+len(overrides))
+	indexByTarget := make(map[string]int, len(defaults)+len(overrides))
+	appendOrReplace := func(item config.ExposePath) {
+		normalized := NormalizeExposePath(item)
+		if idx, ok := indexByTarget[normalized.Target]; ok {
+			merged[idx] = normalized
+			return
+		}
+		indexByTarget[normalized.Target] = len(merged)
+		merged = append(merged, normalized)
+	}
+	for _, item := range defaults {
+		appendOrReplace(item)
+	}
+	for _, item := range overrides {
+		appendOrReplace(item)
+	}
+	return merged
+}
+
+// BuildLinuxMountPlan converts the merged expose-path configuration into the
+// mount rules consumed by the Linux bubblewrap backend.
+func BuildLinuxMountPlan(root string, overrides []config.ExposePath) []MountRule {
+	merged := MergeExposePaths(DefaultExposePaths(root), overrides)
+	plan := make([]MountRule, 0, len(merged))
+	for _, item := range merged {
+		plan = append(plan, MountRule{Source: item.Source, Target: item.Target, Mode: item.Mode})
+	}
+	return plan
+}
+
+// BuildWindowsAccessRules derives the host-path access policy used by the
+// Windows restricted-token backend.
+func BuildWindowsAccessRules(root string, overrides []config.ExposePath) []AccessRule {
+	merged := MergeExposePaths(nil, overrides)
+	rules := make([]AccessRule, 0, len(merged)+1)
+	rules = append(rules, AccessRule{Path: root, Mode: "rw"})
+	for _, item := range merged {
+		rules = append(rules, AccessRule{Path: item.Source, Mode: item.Mode})
+	}
+	return rules
+}
+
+func validateWindowsExposePaths(items []config.ExposePath) error {
+	if len(items) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("windows isolation does not yet support expose_paths filesystem rules")
+}
+
+// IsSupported reports whether the current platform has an implemented isolation
+// backend.
+func IsSupported() bool {
+	return isSupportedOn(runtime.GOOS)
+}
+
+func isSupportedOn(goos string) bool {
+	switch goos {
+	case "linux", "windows":
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+// Preflight validates the configured isolation state and prepares the instance
+// runtime directories before any child process is launched.
+func Preflight() error {
+	isolation := CurrentConfig()
+	if !isolation.Enabled {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if !IsSupported() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("subprocess isolation is not supported on %s", runtime.GOOS)
+	}
+	root, err := ResolveInstanceRoot()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := PrepareInstanceRoot(root); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := ValidateExposePaths(isolation.ExposePaths); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
+		for _, rule := range BuildLinuxMountPlan(root, isolation.ExposePaths) {
+			if rule.Source == "" || rule.Target == "" {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid linux mount rule")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		if err := validateWindowsExposePaths(isolation.ExposePaths); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for _, rule := range BuildWindowsAccessRules(root, isolation.ExposePaths) {
+			if rule.Path == "" {
+				return fmt.Errorf("invalid windows access rule")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Start prepares isolation for the command, starts it, and applies any
+// post-start platform hooks required by the active backend.
+func Start(cmd *exec.Cmd) error {
+	if err := PrepareCommand(cmd); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		cleanupPendingPlatformResources(cmd)
+		return err
+	}
+	isolation := CurrentConfig()
+	root := ""
+	if isolation.Enabled {
+		var err error
+		root, err = ResolveInstanceRoot()
+		if err != nil {
+			terminateStartedCommand(cmd)
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if err := postStartPlatformIsolation(cmd, isolation, root); err != nil {
+		terminateStartedCommand(cmd)
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Run is the Start-and-Wait helper that keeps the same isolation behavior as
+// Start while returning the command's final exit status.
+func Run(cmd *exec.Cmd) error {
+	if err := PrepareCommand(cmd); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+		cleanupPendingPlatformResources(cmd)
+		return err
+	}
+	isolation := CurrentConfig()
+	root := ""
+	if isolation.Enabled {
+		var err error
+		root, err = ResolveInstanceRoot()
+		if err != nil {
+			terminateStartedCommand(cmd)
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if err := postStartPlatformIsolation(cmd, isolation, root); err != nil {
+		terminateStartedCommand(cmd)
+		return err
+	}
+	return cmd.Wait()
+}
+
+func terminateStartedCommand(cmd *exec.Cmd) {
+	cleanupPendingPlatformResources(cmd)
+	if cmd == nil || cmd.Process == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	_ = cmd.Process.Kill()
+	_ = cmd.Wait()
+}
+
+// PrepareCommand mutates the command in-place so it inherits the configured
+// isolated environment before being started by the caller.
+func PrepareCommand(cmd *exec.Cmd) error {
+	isolation := CurrentConfig()
+	if err := Preflight(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if isolation.Enabled {
+		root, err := ResolveInstanceRoot()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		ApplyUserEnv(cmd, root)
+		if err := applyPlatformIsolation(cmd, isolation, root); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/pkg/isolation/runtime_test.go b/pkg/isolation/runtime_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..213c4b065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/isolation/runtime_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+package isolation
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
+)
+
+func TestResolveInstanceRoot_UsesPicoclawHome(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(config.EnvHome, "/custom/picoclaw/home")
+	root, err := ResolveInstanceRoot()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ResolveInstanceRoot() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	if root != "/custom/picoclaw/home" {
+		t.Fatalf("ResolveInstanceRoot() = %q, want %q", root, "/custom/picoclaw/home")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPrepareInstanceRoot_CreatesDirectories(t *testing.T) {
+	root := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "instance")
+	if err := PrepareInstanceRoot(root); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PrepareInstanceRoot() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, dir := range InstanceDirs(root) {
+		if info, err := os.Stat(dir); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("os.Stat(%q): %v", dir, err)
+		} else if !info.IsDir() {
+			t.Fatalf("%q is not a directory", dir)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInstanceDirs_UsesInstanceWorkspaceNotGlobalState(t *testing.T) {
+	root := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "instance")
+	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.Isolation.Enabled = true
+	cfg.Agents.Defaults.Workspace = filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "external-workspace")
+	Configure(cfg)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { Configure(config.DefaultConfig()) })
+
+	dirs := InstanceDirs(root)
+	wantWorkspace := filepath.Join(root, pkg.WorkspaceName)
+	found := false
+	for _, dir := range dirs {
+		if dir == wantWorkspace {
+			found = true
+		}
+		if dir == cfg.WorkspacePath() {
+			t.Fatalf("InstanceDirs() should not depend on process-wide workspace state: %q", dir)
+		}
+	}
+	if !found {
+		t.Fatalf("InstanceDirs() missing instance workspace dir %q", wantWorkspace)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsSupportedOn(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		goos string
+		want bool
+	}{
+		{goos: "linux", want: true},
+		{goos: "windows", want: true},
+		{goos: "darwin", want: false},
+		{goos: "freebsd", want: false},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		if got := isSupportedOn(tt.goos); got != tt.want {
+			t.Fatalf("isSupportedOn(%q) = %v, want %v", tt.goos, got, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateExposePaths(t *testing.T) {
+	err := ValidateExposePaths([]config.ExposePath{{Source: "/src", Target: "/dst", Mode: "ro"}})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ValidateExposePaths() error = %v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = ValidateExposePaths([]config.ExposePath{{Source: "/src", Target: "/dst", Mode: "bad"}})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ValidateExposePaths() expected invalid mode error")
+	}
+
+	err = ValidateExposePaths(
+		[]config.ExposePath{
+			{Source: "/src", Target: "/dst", Mode: "ro"},
+			{Source: "/other", Target: "/dst", Mode: "rw"},
+		},
+	)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("ValidateExposePaths() expected duplicate target error")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMergeExposePaths_OverrideByTarget(t *testing.T) {
+	merged := MergeExposePaths(
+		[]config.ExposePath{{Source: "/src-a", Target: "/dst", Mode: "ro"}},
+		[]config.ExposePath{{Source: "/src-b", Target: "/dst", Mode: "rw"}},
+	)
+	if len(merged) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("MergeExposePaths len = %d, want 1", len(merged))
+	}
+	if got := merged[0]; got.Source != "/src-b" || got.Target != "/dst" || got.Mode != "rw" {
+		t.Fatalf("merged[0] = %+v, want source=/src-b target=/dst mode=rw", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildLinuxMountPlan(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
+		t.Skip("linux-only default mount set")
+	}
+	plan := BuildLinuxMountPlan("/rootdir", []config.ExposePath{{Source: "/src", Target: "/dst", Mode: "ro"}})
+	if len(plan) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("BuildLinuxMountPlan returned empty plan")
+	}
+	foundRoot := false
+	foundOverride := false
+	for _, rule := range plan {
+		if rule.Source == "/rootdir" && rule.Target == "/rootdir" && rule.Mode == "rw" {
+			foundRoot = true
+		}
+		if rule.Source == "/src" && rule.Target == "/dst" && rule.Mode == "ro" {
+			foundOverride = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !foundRoot {
+		t.Fatal("BuildLinuxMountPlan missing root mapping")
+	}
+	if !foundOverride {
+		t.Fatal("BuildLinuxMountPlan missing override mapping")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBuildWindowsAccessRules(t *testing.T) {
+	rules := BuildWindowsAccessRules(
+		`C:\picoclaw`,
+		[]config.ExposePath{{Source: `D:\data`, Target: `C:\mapped`, Mode: "ro"}},
+	)
+	if len(rules) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("BuildWindowsAccessRules returned empty rules")
+	}
+	foundRoot := false
+	foundOverride := false
+	for _, rule := range rules {
+		if rule.Path == `C:\picoclaw` && rule.Mode == "rw" {
+			foundRoot = true
+		}
+		if rule.Path == `D:\data` && rule.Mode == "ro" {
+			foundOverride = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !foundRoot {
+		t.Fatal("BuildWindowsAccessRules missing root rule")
+	}
+	if !foundOverride {
+		t.Fatal("BuildWindowsAccessRules missing override rule")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestValidateWindowsExposePaths(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := validateWindowsExposePaths(nil); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("validateWindowsExposePaths(nil) error = %v", err)
+	}
+	err := validateWindowsExposePaths([]config.ExposePath{{Source: `D:\data`, Target: `D:\data`, Mode: "ro"}})
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("validateWindowsExposePaths() expected error for expose_paths")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDefaultLinuxSystemExposePaths(t *testing.T) {
+	paths := defaultLinuxSystemExposePaths()
+	needed := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, path := range []string{"/etc/hosts", "/etc/nsswitch.conf", "/etc/ssl", "/usr/share/zoneinfo", "/etc/localtime"} {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(path); err == nil {
+			needed[path] = false
+		}
+	}
+	for _, item := range paths {
+		if _, ok := needed[item.Source]; ok {
+			needed[item.Source] = true
+		}
+	}
+	for path, found := range needed {
+		if !found {
+			t.Fatalf("defaultLinuxSystemExposePaths missing %s", path)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExistingExposePaths_SkipsMissingPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	existing := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "existing")
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(existing, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("os.MkdirAll() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	filtered := existingExposePaths([]config.ExposePath{
+		{Source: existing, Target: existing, Mode: "ro"},
+		{Source: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "missing"), Target: "/missing", Mode: "ro"},
+	})
+	if len(filtered) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("existingExposePaths() len = %d, want 1", len(filtered))
+	}
+	if got := filtered[0]; got.Source != existing {
+		t.Fatalf("existingExposePaths()[0] = %+v, want source=%q", got, existing)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPrepareCommand_AppliesUserEnv(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv(config.EnvHome, filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "home"))
+	if runtime.GOOS == "linux" {
+		binDir := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "bin")
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(binDir, 0o755); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("os.MkdirAll() error = %v", err)
+		}
+		fakeBwrap := filepath.Join(binDir, "bwrap")
+		if err := os.WriteFile(fakeBwrap, []byte("#!/bin/sh\nexit 0\n"), 0o755); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("os.WriteFile() error = %v", err)
+		}
+		t.Setenv("PATH", binDir+string(os.PathListSeparator)+os.Getenv("PATH"))
+	}
+	cfg := config.DefaultConfig()
+	cfg.Isolation.Enabled = true
+	Configure(cfg)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { Configure(config.DefaultConfig()) })
+	cmd := exec.Command("sh", "-c", "true")
+	if err := PrepareCommand(cmd); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("PrepareCommand() error = %v", err)
+	}
+	hasHome := false
+	for _, env := range cmd.Env {
+		if len(env) > 5 && env[:5] == "HOME=" {
+			hasHome = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if runtime.GOOS != "windows" && !hasHome {
+		t.Fatal("PrepareCommand() did not inject HOME")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/mcp/isolated_command_transport.go b/pkg/mcp/isolated_command_transport.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f54b4af8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/mcp/isolated_command_transport.go
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+package mcp
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os/exec"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/modelcontextprotocol/go-sdk/jsonrpc"
+	sdkmcp "github.com/modelcontextprotocol/go-sdk/mcp"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/isolation"
+)
+
+var isolatedCommandTerminateDuration = 5 * time.Second
+
+// isolatedCommandTransport mirrors the SDK command transport but routes
+// process startup through pkg/isolation so Windows post-start hooks run too.
+type isolatedCommandTransport struct {
+	Command           *exec.Cmd
+	TerminateDuration time.Duration
+}
+
+func (t *isolatedCommandTransport) Connect(ctx context.Context) (sdkmcp.Connection, error) {
+	stdout, err := t.Command.StdoutPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	stdout = io.NopCloser(stdout)
+	stdin, err := t.Command.StdinPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if err := isolation.Start(t.Command); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	td := t.TerminateDuration
+	if td <= 0 {
+		td = isolatedCommandTerminateDuration
+	}
+	return newIsolatedIOConn(&isolatedPipeRWC{cmd: t.Command, stdout: stdout, stdin: stdin, terminateDuration: td}), nil
+}
+
+type isolatedPipeRWC struct {
+	cmd               *exec.Cmd
+	stdout            io.ReadCloser
+	stdin             io.WriteCloser
+	terminateDuration time.Duration
+}
+
+func (s *isolatedPipeRWC) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	return s.stdout.Read(p)
+}
+
+func (s *isolatedPipeRWC) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	return s.stdin.Write(p)
+}
+
+func (s *isolatedPipeRWC) Close() error {
+	if err := s.stdin.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("closing stdin: %v", err)
+	}
+	resChan := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		resChan <- s.cmd.Wait()
+	}()
+	wait := func() (error, bool) {
+		select {
+		case err := <-resChan:
+			return err, true
+		case <-time.After(s.terminateDuration):
+		}
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	if err, ok := wait(); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := s.cmd.Process.Signal(syscall.SIGTERM); err == nil {
+		if err, ok := wait(); ok {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if err := s.cmd.Process.Kill(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err, ok := wait(); ok {
+		return err
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("unresponsive subprocess")
+}
+
+type isolatedIOConn struct {
+	writeMu   sync.Mutex
+	rwc       io.ReadWriteCloser
+	incoming  <-chan isolatedMsgOrErr
+	queue     []jsonrpc.Message
+	closeOnce sync.Once
+	closed    chan struct{}
+	closeErr  error
+}
+
+type isolatedMsgOrErr struct {
+	msg json.RawMessage
+	err error
+}
+
+func newIsolatedIOConn(rwc io.ReadWriteCloser) *isolatedIOConn {
+	incoming := make(chan isolatedMsgOrErr)
+	closed := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		dec := json.NewDecoder(rwc)
+		for {
+			var raw json.RawMessage
+			err := dec.Decode(&raw)
+			if err == nil {
+				var tr [1]byte
+				if n, readErr := dec.Buffered().Read(tr[:]); n > 0 {
+					if tr[0] != '\n' && tr[0] != '\r' {
+						err = fmt.Errorf("invalid trailing data at the end of stream")
+					}
+				} else if readErr != nil && readErr != io.EOF {
+					err = readErr
+				}
+			}
+			select {
+			case incoming <- isolatedMsgOrErr{msg: raw, err: err}:
+			case <-closed:
+				return
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	return &isolatedIOConn{rwc: rwc, incoming: incoming, closed: closed}
+}
+
+func (c *isolatedIOConn) SessionID() string { return "" }
+
+func (c *isolatedIOConn) Read(ctx context.Context) (jsonrpc.Message, error) {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return nil, ctx.Err()
+	default:
+	}
+	if len(c.queue) > 0 {
+		next := c.queue[0]
+		c.queue = c.queue[1:]
+		return next, nil
+	}
+	var raw json.RawMessage
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return nil, ctx.Err()
+	case v := <-c.incoming:
+		if v.err != nil {
+			return nil, v.err
+		}
+		raw = v.msg
+	case <-c.closed:
+		return nil, io.EOF
+	}
+	msgs, err := readIsolatedBatch(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c.queue = msgs[1:]
+	return msgs[0], nil
+}
+
+func readIsolatedBatch(data []byte) ([]jsonrpc.Message, error) {
+	var rawBatch []json.RawMessage
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &rawBatch); err == nil {
+		if len(rawBatch) == 0 {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("empty batch")
+		}
+		msgs := make([]jsonrpc.Message, 0, len(rawBatch))
+		for _, raw := range rawBatch {
+			msg, err := jsonrpc.DecodeMessage(raw)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+			msgs = append(msgs, msg)
+		}
+		return msgs, nil
+	}
+	msg, err := jsonrpc.DecodeMessage(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return []jsonrpc.Message{msg}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *isolatedIOConn) Write(ctx context.Context, msg jsonrpc.Message) error {
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	default:
+	}
+	c.writeMu.Lock()
+	defer c.writeMu.Unlock()
+	data, err := jsonrpc.EncodeMessage(msg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("marshaling message: %v", err)
+	}
+	data = append(data, '\n')
+	_, err = c.rwc.Write(data)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *isolatedIOConn) Close() error {
+	c.closeOnce.Do(func() {
+		c.closeErr = c.rwc.Close()
+		close(c.closed)
+	})
+	return c.closeErr
+}
+
+var (
+	_ sdkmcp.Transport  = (*isolatedCommandTransport)(nil)
+	_ sdkmcp.Connection = (*isolatedIOConn)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/mcp/manager.go b/pkg/mcp/manager.go
index 323df0312..f589f82a9 100644
--- a/pkg/mcp/manager.go
+++ b/pkg/mcp/manager.go
@@ -365,8 +365,7 @@ func (m *Manager) ConnectServer(
 			env = append(env, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%s", k, v))
 		}
 		cmd.Env = env
-
-		transport = &mcp.CommandTransport{Command: cmd}
+		transport = &isolatedCommandTransport{Command: cmd}
 	default:
 		return fmt.Errorf(
 			"unsupported transport type: %s (supported: stdio, sse, http)",
diff --git a/pkg/providers/claude_cli_provider.go b/pkg/providers/claude_cli_provider.go
index 40b581490..c3d98c555 100644
--- a/pkg/providers/claude_cli_provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/claude_cli_provider.go
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/isolation"
 )
 
 // ClaudeCliProvider implements LLMProvider using the claude CLI as a subprocess.
@@ -49,7 +51,9 @@ func (p *ClaudeCliProvider) Chat(
 	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
 	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
 
-	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+	// Execute the CLI through the shared isolation wrapper so external provider
+	// processes honor the configured isolation policy.
+	if err := isolation.Run(cmd); err != nil {
 		stderrStr := strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String())
 		stdoutStr := strings.TrimSpace(stdout.String())
 		switch {
diff --git a/pkg/providers/codex_cli_provider.go b/pkg/providers/codex_cli_provider.go
index 13f53ad9e..a9c8b692a 100644
--- a/pkg/providers/codex_cli_provider.go
+++ b/pkg/providers/codex_cli_provider.go
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/isolation"
 )
 
 // CodexCliProvider implements LLMProvider by wrapping the codex CLI as a subprocess.
@@ -56,7 +58,9 @@ func (p *CodexCliProvider) Chat(
 	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
 	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
 
-	err := cmd.Run()
+	// Execute the CLI through the shared isolation wrapper so external provider
+	// processes honor the configured isolation policy.
+	err := isolation.Run(cmd)
 
 	// Parse JSONL from stdout even if exit code is non-zero,
 	// because codex writes diagnostic noise to stderr (e.g. rollout errors)
diff --git a/pkg/tools/shell.go b/pkg/tools/shell.go
index d2971f3f8..a570ac9ec 100644
--- a/pkg/tools/shell.go
+++ b/pkg/tools/shell.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/config"
 	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/constants"
+	"github.com/sipeed/picoclaw/pkg/isolation"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ func NewExecTool(workingDir string, restrict bool, allowPaths ...[]*regexp.Regex
 func NewExecToolWithConfig(
 	workingDir string,
 	restrict bool,
-	config *config.Config,
+	cfg *config.Config,
 	allowPaths ...[]*regexp.Regexp,
 ) (*ExecTool, error) {
 	denyPatterns := make([]*regexp.Regexp, 0)
@@ -131,8 +132,8 @@ func NewExecToolWithConfig(
 		allowedPathPatterns = allowPaths[0]
 	}
 
-	if config != nil {
-		execConfig := config.Tools.Exec
+	if cfg != nil {
+		execConfig := cfg.Tools.Exec
 		enableDenyPatterns := execConfig.EnableDenyPatterns
 		allowRemote = execConfig.AllowRemote
 		if enableDenyPatterns {
@@ -163,8 +164,8 @@ func NewExecToolWithConfig(
 	}
 
 	var timeout time.Duration
-	if config != nil && config.Tools.Exec.TimeoutSeconds > 0 {
-		timeout = time.Duration(config.Tools.Exec.TimeoutSeconds) * time.Second
+	if cfg != nil && cfg.Tools.Exec.TimeoutSeconds > 0 {
+		timeout = time.Duration(cfg.Tools.Exec.TimeoutSeconds) * time.Second
 	}
 
 	return &ExecTool{
@@ -378,7 +379,9 @@ func (t *ExecTool) runSync(ctx context.Context, command, cwd string) *ToolResult
 	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
 	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
 
-	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+	// Route shell execution through the shared isolation entry point so exec tool
+	// subprocesses receive the same isolation policy as other integrations.
+	if err := isolation.Start(cmd); err != nil {
 		return ErrorResult(fmt.Sprintf("failed to start command: %v", err))
 	}
 
@@ -521,7 +524,9 @@ func (t *ExecTool) runBackground(ctx context.Context, command, cwd string, ptyEn
 		session.stdinWriter = stdinWriter
 	}
 
-	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
+	// Background sessions use the same startup path so isolation stays consistent
+	// with synchronous exec runs.
+	if err := isolation.Start(cmd); err != nil {
 		if session.ptyMaster != nil {
 			session.ptyMaster.Close()
 		}