Merge branch 'release/v0.6.0'

I've kept just one cmake project, in the root directory. The
subdirectories just set up the targets.

The asm compiler is serached just one time, from the root
directory cmake file.

Global compilation flags are set in the root cmake file, and
each subdirectory cmake file sets specific flags if necessary
(e.g., programs need the -u_start specified)

.clang-format

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ AlignTrailingComments: true
 AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: false
 AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false
 AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: None
-AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: Never
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: Always
 AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: true
 AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Always
 AlwaysBreakAfterDefinitionReturnType: None

.gdb.debug

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-symbol-file ./mentos/kernel.bin
-exec-file ./mentos/kernel.bin
-target remote localhost:1234

.github/workflows/main.yml

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-name: Main
-on:
-    push:
-        branches-ignore:
-            - "releases/**"
-        paths-ignore:
-            - "**.md"
-            - ".gitignore"
-    pull_request:
-        paths-ignore:
-            - "**.md"
-            - ".gitignore"
-jobs:
-    doxygen:
-        name: Doxygen
-        runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-        steps:
-            - name: Clone repo
-              uses: actions/checkout@v3
-
-            - name: Install Doxygen Ubuntu
-              run: |
-                  sudo apt-get update
-                  sudo apt-get install -y doxygen nasm
-
-            - name: Generate documentation
-              run: |
-                  cmake -B build -D DOXYGEN_WARN_AS_ERROR=NO
-                  cmake --build build --target mentos_documentation
-
-    test:
-        name: Build
-        strategy:
-            fail-fast: false
-            matrix:
-                include: [
-                    # You can access the following values via ${{ matrix.??? }}
-                    #
-                    #   pkgs         : apt-get package names.  It can include multiple package names which are delimited by space.
-                    #   cc           : C compiler executable.
-                    #   cxx          : C++ compiler executable for `make ctocpptest`.
-                    #   x32          : Set 'true' if compiler supports x32.  Otherwise, set 'false'.
-                    #                  Set 'fail' if it supports x32 but fails for now.  'fail' cases must be removed.
-                    #   x86          : Set 'true' if compiler supports x86 (-m32).  Otherwise, set 'false'.
-                    #                  Set 'fail' if it supports x86 but fails for now.  'fail' cases must be removed.
-                    #   cxxtest      : Set 'true' if it can be compiled as C++ code.  Otherwise, set 'false'.
-                    #   freestanding : Set 'true' if it can be compiled and execute freestanding code.  Otherwise, set 'false'.
-                    #                  Usually, it requires Linux, x86_64 and gcc/g++.
-                    #   os           : GitHub Actions YAML workflow label.  See https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments#available-environments
-                    # gcc
-                    { pkgs: 'nasm',               cc: gcc,    cxx: g++,    os: ubuntu-latest, },
-                    { pkgs: 'gcc-12 g++-12 nasm', cc: gcc-12, cxx: g++-12, os: ubuntu-22.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'gcc-11 g++-11 nasm', cc: gcc-11, cxx: g++-11, os: ubuntu-22.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'gcc-10 g++-10 nasm', cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10, os: ubuntu-22.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'gcc-9 g++-9 nasm',   cc: gcc-9,  cxx: g++-9,  os: ubuntu-22.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'gcc-8 g++-8 nasm',   cc: gcc-8,  cxx: g++-8,  os: ubuntu-20.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'gcc-7 g++-7 nasm',   cc: gcc-7,  cxx: g++-7,  os: ubuntu-20.04,  },
-                    # clang
-                    { pkgs: 'nasm',          cc: clang,    cxx: clang++,    os: ubuntu-latest, },
-                    { pkgs: 'clang-14 nasm', cc: clang-14, cxx: clang++-14, os: ubuntu-22.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'clang-13 nasm', cc: clang-13, cxx: clang++-13, os: ubuntu-22.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'clang-12 nasm', cc: clang-12, cxx: clang++-12, os: ubuntu-22.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'clang-11 nasm', cc: clang-11, cxx: clang++-11, os: ubuntu-22.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'clang-10 nasm', cc: clang-10, cxx: clang++-10, os: ubuntu-20.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'clang-9 nasm',  cc: clang-9,  cxx: clang++-9,  os: ubuntu-20.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'clang-8 nasm',  cc: clang-8,  cxx: clang++-8,  os: ubuntu-20.04,  },
-                    { pkgs: 'clang-7 nasm',  cc: clang-7,  cxx: clang++-7,  os: ubuntu-20.04,  },
-                ]
-
-        runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-
-        # Set environment variables
-        env:
-            # We globally set CC and CXX to improve compatibility with .travis.yml
-            CC: ${{ matrix.cc }}
-            CXX: ${{ matrix.cxx }}
-
-        steps:
-            - name: Clone repo
-              uses: actions/checkout@v3
-
-            - name: Install dependencies
-              run: |
-                  sudo apt-get update
-                  sudo apt-get install -y ${{ matrix.pkgs }}
-
-            - name: Build
-              run: |
-                  cmake -B build
-                  cmake --build build --parallel 2 --verbose

.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+name: Ubuntu
+on:
+    push:
+        branches-ignore:
+            - "releases/**"
+        paths-ignore:
+            - "**.md"
+            - ".gitignore"
+            - "**/macos.yml"
+            - "**/windows.yml"
+    pull_request:
+        paths-ignore:
+            - "**.md"
+            - ".gitignore"
+            - "**/macos.yml"
+            - "**/windows.yml"
+jobs:
+    doxygen:
+        name: Doxygen
+        runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+        steps:
+            - name: Clone repository
+              uses: actions/checkout@v3
+            - name: Install dependencies
+              run: |
+                  sudo apt-get update
+                  sudo apt-get install -y doxygen nasm
+            - name: Generate documentation
+              run: |
+                  cmake -B build -D DOXYGEN_WARN_AS_ERROR=NO
+                  cmake --build build --target mentos_documentation
+    build:
+        name: Build
+        strategy:
+            fail-fast: false
+            matrix:
+                include: [
+                        # You can access the following values via ${{ matrix.??? }}
+                        #
+                        #   pkgs         : apt-get package names.  It can include multiple package names which are delimited by space.
+                        #   cc           : C compiler executable.
+                        #   cxx          : C++ compiler executable for `make ctocpptest`.
+                        #   x32          : Set 'true' if compiler supports x32.  Otherwise, set 'false'.
+                        #                  Set 'fail' if it supports x32 but fails for now.  'fail' cases must be removed.
+                        #   x86          : Set 'true' if compiler supports x86 (-m32).  Otherwise, set 'false'.
+                        #                  Set 'fail' if it supports x86 but fails for now.  'fail' cases must be removed.
+                        #   cxxtest      : Set 'true' if it can be compiled as C++ code.  Otherwise, set 'false'.
+                        #   freestanding : Set 'true' if it can be compiled and execute freestanding code.  Otherwise, set 'false'.
+                        #                  Usually, it requires Linux, x86_64 and gcc/g++.
+                        #   os           : GitHub Actions YAML workflow label.  See https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments#available-environments
+                        # gcc
+                        { pkgs: "nasm", cc: gcc, cxx: g++, os: ubuntu-latest },
+                        { pkgs: "gcc-12 g++-12 nasm", cc: gcc-12, cxx: g++-12, os: ubuntu-22.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "gcc-11 g++-11 nasm", cc: gcc-11, cxx: g++-11, os: ubuntu-22.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "gcc-10 g++-10 nasm", cc: gcc-10, cxx: g++-10, os: ubuntu-22.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "gcc-9 g++-9 nasm", cc: gcc-9, cxx: g++-9, os: ubuntu-22.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "gcc-8 g++-8 nasm", cc: gcc-8, cxx: g++-8, os: ubuntu-20.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "gcc-7 g++-7 nasm", cc: gcc-7, cxx: g++-7, os: ubuntu-20.04 },
+                        # clang
+                        { pkgs: "nasm", cc: clang, cxx: clang++, os: ubuntu-latest },
+                        { pkgs: "clang-14 nasm", cc: clang-14, cxx: clang++-14, os: ubuntu-22.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "clang-13 nasm", cc: clang-13, cxx: clang++-13, os: ubuntu-22.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "clang-12 nasm", cc: clang-12, cxx: clang++-12, os: ubuntu-22.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "clang-11 nasm", cc: clang-11, cxx: clang++-11, os: ubuntu-22.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "clang-10 nasm", cc: clang-10, cxx: clang++-10, os: ubuntu-20.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "clang-9 nasm", cc: clang-9, cxx: clang++-9, os: ubuntu-20.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "clang-8 nasm", cc: clang-8, cxx: clang++-8, os: ubuntu-20.04 },
+                        { pkgs: "clang-7 nasm", cc: clang-7, cxx: clang++-7, os: ubuntu-20.04 },
+                    ]
+        runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+        # Set environment variables
+        env:
+            # We globally set CC and CXX.
+            CC: ${{ matrix.cc }}
+            CXX: ${{ matrix.cxx }}
+        steps:
+            - name: Clone repository
+              uses: actions/checkout@v3
+            - name: Install dependencies
+              run: |
+                  sudo apt-get update
+                  sudo apt-get install -y ${{ matrix.pkgs }}
+            - name: Build
+              run: |
+                  cmake -B build
+                  cmake --build build --parallel 2

.gitignore

@@ -118,5 +118,5 @@ files/bin/**
 # ISO creation files.
 iso/boot/*.bin
 
-# Visual Studio Code
+# ClangD stuff.
-.vscode
+.cache

.vscode/launch.json

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+    "configurations": [
+        {
+            "type": "gdb",
+            "request": "attach",
+            "name": "(gdb) Attach",
+            "target": "localhost:1234",
+            "remote": true,
+            "cwd": "${workspaceRoot}/build",
+            "valuesFormatting": "parseText"
+        }
+    ]
+}

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 # =============================================================================
+# PROJECT SETUP
+# =============================================================================
+
 # Set the minimum required version of cmake.
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1...3.22)
+
 # Initialize the project.
 project(mentos C ASM)
 
-# =============================================================================
-# BUILD TYPE (Debug/Release)
-# =============================================================================
-
 # Set the default build type to Debug.
 if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
     message(STATUS "Setting build type to 'Debug' as none was specified.")
@@ -15,12 +15,7 @@ if(NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE)
 endif()
 
 # =============================================================================
-# DOCUMENTATION
+# OS-SPECIFIC COMPILERS SETUP
-# =============================================================================
-add_subdirectory(doc)
-
-# =============================================================================
-# OS-SPECIFIC COMPILERS
 # =============================================================================
 
 # Add operating system specific option.
@@ -28,18 +23,6 @@ message(STATUS "Crosscompiling : ${CMAKE_CROSSCOMPILING}")
 message(STATUS "System name    : ${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME}")
 message(STATUS "Kernel version : ${CMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION}")
 if((${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "Darwin") OR APPLE)
-    # Set the Apple MacOSx compilers.
-    if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS "3.6.0")
-        include(CMakeForceCompiler)
-        cmake_force_c_compiler(i386-elf-gcc Clang)
-        cmake_force_cxx_compiler(i386-elf-g++ Clang)
-    else()
-        set(CMAKE_C_COMPILER i386-elf-gcc)
-        set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER i386-elf-g++)
-        set(CMAKE_AR i386-elf-ar)
-    endif()
-    # Speicfy the linker.
-    set(CMAKE_LINKER i386-elf-ld)
     # Specify the linker flags.
     set(CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_EXE_LINKER_FLAGS} -nostdlib")
 elseif((${CMAKE_HOST_SYSTEM_NAME} STREQUAL "Windows") OR WIN32)
@@ -73,7 +56,73 @@ else()
 endif()
 
 # =============================================================================
-# COMPILATION
+# ASSEMBLY COMPILER
+# =============================================================================
+
+# Find the NASM compiler.
+find_program(ASM_COMPILER NAMES nasm HINTS /usr/bin/ /usr/local/bin/)
+# Mark the variable ASM_COMPILER as advanced.
+mark_as_advanced(ASM_COMPILER)
+# Check that we have found the compiler.
+if(NOT ASM_COMPILER)
+    message(FATAL_ERROR "ASM compiler not found!")
+endif(NOT ASM_COMPILER)
+# Set the asm compiler.
+set(CMAKE_ASM_COMPILER ${ASM_COMPILER})
+# Set the assembly compiler flags.
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+    set(CMAKE_ASM_COMPILE_OBJECT "<CMAKE_ASM_COMPILER> -f elf -g -O0 -F dwarf -o <OBJECT> <SOURCE>")
+else()
+    set(CMAKE_ASM_COMPILE_OBJECT "<CMAKE_ASM_COMPILER> -f elf -g -O3 -o <OBJECT> <SOURCE>")
+endif()
+
+# =============================================================================
+# GLOBAL COMPILATION FLAGS
+# =============================================================================
+
+# Warning flags.
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wall")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Werror")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wpedantic")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -pedantic-errors")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wshadow")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -std=gnu99")
+
+# Disable some specific warnings.
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-unused-function")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-unused-variable")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-unknown-pragmas")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-missing-braces")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-unused-command-line-argument")
+
+# Set the compiler options.
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -static")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -nostdlib")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -nostdinc")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fno-builtin")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fno-stack-protector")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fno-pic")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fomit-frame-pointer")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -m32")
+set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -march=i686")
+
+if(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 10)
+    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fcommon")
+endif()
+
+if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -g3")
+    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -ggdb")
+    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -O0")
+elseif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")
+    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -O3")
+endif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
+
+# Set the assembly compiler flags.
+set(CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS "${CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS} -m32")
+
+# =============================================================================
+# SUB-DIRECTORIES SETUP
 # =============================================================================
 
 # Add the sub-directories.
@@ -81,6 +130,7 @@ add_subdirectory(programs)
 add_subdirectory(programs/tests)
 add_subdirectory(mentos)
 add_subdirectory(libc)
+add_subdirectory(doc)
 
 # =============================================================================
 # FILESYSTEM
@@ -99,7 +149,7 @@ add_custom_target(filesystem
     COMMAND echo '============================================================================='
     COMMAND echo 'Done!'
     COMMAND echo '============================================================================='
-    DEPENDS all_programs all_tests
+    DEPENDS programs tests
 )
 
 # =============================================================================
@@ -136,18 +186,18 @@ set(EMULATOR_FLAGS ${EMULATOR_FLAGS} -vga std)
 # Set the amount of memory.
 set(EMULATOR_FLAGS ${EMULATOR_FLAGS} -m 1096M)
 # Set the EXT2 drive.
-set(EMULATOR_FLAGS ${EMULATOR_FLAGS} -drive file=${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/rootfs.img,format=raw)
+set(EMULATOR_FLAGS ${EMULATOR_FLAGS} -drive file=${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/rootfs.img,format=raw,index=0,media=disk)
 
 # =============================================================================
 # Booting with QEMU for fun
 # =============================================================================
 
-# This first target runs the emualtor passing the kernel binary file.
+# This first target runs the emulator passing the kernel binary file.
 add_custom_target(
     qemu
     COMMAND test -e ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/rootfs.img || ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E cmake_echo_color --red "No filesystem file detected, you need to run: make filesystem"
-    COMMAND ${EMULATOR} ${EMULATOR_FLAGS} -kernel ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/kernel-bootloader.bin
+    COMMAND ${EMULATOR} ${EMULATOR_FLAGS} -kernel ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/bootloader.bin
-    DEPENDS kernel-bootloader.bin
+    DEPENDS bootloader.bin
 )
 
 # =============================================================================
@@ -158,17 +208,19 @@ add_custom_target(
 # executables.
 add_custom_target(
     gdbinit
-    BYPRODUCTS ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/.gdbinit
+    BYPRODUCTS ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/gdb.run
-    COMMAND bash ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/scripts/get_text_address.sh ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/kernel.bin > ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/.gdbinit
+    # Create the generic gdb configuration.
-    COMMAND bash ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/scripts/get_text_address.sh ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/kernel-bootloader.bin >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/.gdbinit
+    COMMAND echo "add-symbol-file ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/kernel.bin" > ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/gdb.run
-    COMMAND bash ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/scripts/get_text_address.sh ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/programs/tests/test_* >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/.gdbinit
+    COMMAND echo "add-symbol-file ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/bootloader.bin" >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/gdb.run
-    COMMAND bash ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/scripts/get_text_address.sh ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/programs/prog_* >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/.gdbinit
+    COMMAND find ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/files/bin -type f  | xargs realpath | sed 's/^/add-symbol-file /' >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/gdb.run
-    COMMAND echo "break boot.c: boot_main" >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/.gdbinit
+    COMMAND echo "break boot.c: boot_main" >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/gdb.run
-    COMMAND echo "break kernel.c: kmain" >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/.gdbinit
+    COMMAND echo "break kernel.c: kmain" >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/gdb.run
-    COMMAND echo "target remote localhost:1234" >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/.gdbinit
+    # Create the GDB connection file.
-    DEPENDS kernel-bootloader.bin
+    COMMAND echo "target remote localhost:1234" >> ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/gdb.run
-    DEPENDS all_programs
+    DEPENDS ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/bootloader.bin
-    DEPENDS all_tests
+    DEPENDS ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/kernel.bin
+    DEPENDS programs
+    DEPENDS tests
     DEPENDS libc
 )
 
@@ -178,15 +230,17 @@ add_custom_target(
 add_custom_target(
     qemu-gdb
     COMMAND test -e ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/rootfs.img || ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E cmake_echo_color --red "No filesystem file detected, you need to run: make filesystem"
-    COMMAND echo "\n\n"
+    COMMAND echo ""
-    COMMAND echo "Now, QEMU has loaded the kernel, and it is waiting that you\n"
+    COMMAND echo "Now, QEMU has loaded the kernel, and it is waiting that you"
-    COMMAND echo "remotely connect to it. To start debugging, open a new shell\n"
+    COMMAND echo "remotely connect to it. To start debugging, open a new shell"
-    COMMAND echo "in THIS same folder, and just type :\n"
+    COMMAND echo "in THIS same folder, and just type:"
-    COMMAND printf "    cgdb -q -iex %q" "add-auto-load-safe-path ."
+    COMMAND echo "    gdb --quiet --command=gdb.run"
-    COMMAND echo "\n\n"
+    COMMAND echo "or if you want to use cgdb, type:"
-    COMMAND ${EMULATOR} ${EMULATOR_FLAGS} -s -S -kernel ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/kernel-bootloader.bin
+    COMMAND echo "    cgdb --quiet --command=gdb.run"
-    DEPENDS kernel-bootloader.bin
+    COMMAND echo ""
-    DEPENDS .gdbinit
+    COMMAND ${EMULATOR} ${EMULATOR_FLAGS} -s -S -kernel ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/bootloader.bin
+    DEPENDS bootloader.bin
+    DEPENDS gdbinit
 )
 
 # =============================================================================
@@ -197,9 +251,9 @@ add_custom_target(
 add_custom_target(
   cdrom.iso
   COMMAND cp -rf ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/iso .
-  COMMAND cp ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/kernel-bootloader.bin ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/iso/boot
+  COMMAND cp ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mentos/bootloader.bin ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/iso/boot
   COMMAND grub-mkrescue -o ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/cdrom.iso ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/iso
-  DEPENDS kernel-bootloader.bin
+  DEPENDS bootloader.bin
 )
 
 # This third target runs the emualtor, but this time, the kernel binary file is

LICENSE.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 MIT License
 
-Copyright (c) 2014-2022 MentOs-Team.
+Copyright (c) 2014-2024 MentOs-Team.
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

README.md

@@ -1,10 +1,33 @@
-# MentOS
+# MentOS (Mentoring Operating System)
 
 [![forthebadge](https://forthebadge.com/images/badges/built-with-love.svg)](https://forthebadge.com)
 [![forthebadge](https://forthebadge.com/images/badges/made-with-c.svg)](https://forthebadge.com)
 [![forthebadge](https://forthebadge.com/images/badges/for-you.svg)](https://forthebadge.com)
 
-## 1. What is MentOS
+[![Ubuntu](https://github.com/mentos-team/MentOS/actions/workflows/ubuntu.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/mentos-team/MentOS/actions/workflows/ubuntu.yml)
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [MentOS (Mentoring Operating System)](#mentos-mentoring-operating-system)
+  - [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
+  - [What is MentOS](#what-is-mentos)
+  - [Implemented features](#implemented-features)
+  - [Prerequisites](#prerequisites)
+    - [Installing the prerequisites](#installing-the-prerequisites)
+  - [Compiling MentOS](#compiling-mentos)
+  - [Generating the EXT2 filesystem](#generating-the-ext2-filesystem)
+  - [Running MentOS](#running-mentos)
+  - [Running MentOS from GRUB](#running-mentos-from-grub)
+  - [Running and adding new programs to MentOS](#running-and-adding-new-programs-to-mentos)
+    - [Create a new program](#create-a-new-program)
+    - [Add the new program to the list of compiled sources](#add-the-new-program-to-the-list-of-compiled-sources)
+    - [Running a program or a test](#running-a-program-or-a-test)
+  - [Kernel logging](#kernel-logging)
+  - [Change the scheduling algorithm](#change-the-scheduling-algorithm)
+  - [Debugging the kernel](#debugging-the-kernel)
+  - [Contributors](#contributors)
+
+## What is MentOS
 
 MentOS (Mentoring Operating System) is an open source educational operating
 system. The goal of MentOS is to provide a project environment that is realistic
@@ -26,7 +49,10 @@ Parts of MentOS are inherited or inspired by a similar educational operating
 system called [DreamOs](https://github.com/dreamos82/DreamOs) written by Ivan
 Gualandri.
 
-## 2. Implemented features
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Implemented features
+
 Follows the list of implemented features:
 
 **Processes and Events**
@@ -61,24 +87,28 @@ Follows the list of implemented features:
  - [x] Video drivers;
  - [ ] VGA drivers;
 
+**Inter-Process Communication (IPC)**
+ - [X] Semaphore
+ - [ ] Message queue
+ - [ ] Shared memory
+ - [ ] Named pipe
+
 I will try to keep it updated...
 
-## 3. Prerequisites
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Prerequisites
 
 MentOS is compatible with the main **unix-based** operating systems. It has been
-tested with *Ubuntu*, *WSL1*, *WSL2*, and  *MacOS*.
+tested with *Ubuntu*, and under Windows with *WSL1* and *WSL2*.
 
-### 3.1. Generic Prerequisites
+For **compiling** the system we need:
 
-#### 3.1.1. Compile
+ - git
-
-For compiling the system:
-
- - nasm
  - gcc
+ - nasm
  - make
  - cmake
- - git
  - ccmake (suggested)
  - e2fsprogs (should be already installed)
 
@@ -87,41 +117,29 @@ Under **MacOS**, for compiling, you have additional dependencies:
  - i386-elf-binutils
  - i386-elf-gcc
 
-#### 3.1.2. Execute
+For **executing** the operating system we need:
-
-To execute the operating system, you need to install:
 
  - qemu-system-i386 (or qemu-system-x86)
 
-#### 3.1.3. Debug
+For **debugging** we suggest using:
-
-For debugging we suggest using:
 
  - gdb or cgdb
 
-### 3.2. installation Prerequisites
+### Installing the prerequisites
 
 Under **Ubuntu**, you can type the following commands:
 
 ```bash
 sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade -y
-sudo apt-get install -y build-essential git cmake qemu-system-x86 nasm e2fsprogs
+sudo apt-get install -y git build-essential nasm make cmake cmake-curses-gui e2fsprogs
+sudo apt-get install -y qemu-system-x86
 sudo apt-get install -y gdb cgdb
 ```
 Note: Older versions might have `qemu-system-i386` instead of `qemu-system-x86`.
 
-Under **MacOS** you also need to install the i386-elf cross-compiler. The
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
-simplest installation method is through Homebrew package manager.
-Install [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/index_it) if you don't already have it, and
-then type the following commands:
 
-```bash
+## Compiling MentOS
-brew update && brew upgrade
-brew install i386-elf-binutils i386-elf-gcc git cmake qemu nasm e2fsprogs
-brew install gdb cgdb #<- for debug only
-```
-
-## 4. Compiling MentOS and generating the EXT2 filesystem
 
 Compile MentOS with:
 
@@ -133,14 +151,20 @@ cmake ..
 make
 ```
 
-Then, generate the EXT2 filesystem with:
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Generating the EXT2 filesystem
+
+Generate the EXT2 filesystem with:
 
 ```bash
 make filesystem
 ```
 you just need to generate the filesystem once. If you change a `program` you need to re-generate the entire filesystem with `make filesystem`, but this will override any changes you made to the files inside the `rootfs.img`. In the future I will find a way to update just the `/usr/bin` directory and the programs.
 
-## 5. Running MentOS
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Running MentOS
 
 Boot MentOS with qemu:
 
@@ -150,11 +174,93 @@ make qemu
 
 To login, use one of the usernames listed in `files/etc/passwd`.
 
-## 6. Kernel logging
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Running MentOS from GRUB
+
+For booting MentOS from GRUB in QEMU we need the following tools:
+
+ - xorriso
+ - grub-mkrescue (from grub-common)
+
+We also need `grub-pc-bin`, otherwise GRUB won't start in QEMU.
+
+Which can be installed in Ubuntu with the following command:
+```bash
+sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade -y
+sudo apt-get install -y grub-common grub-pc-bin xorriso
+```
+
+Boot MentOS with qemu through GRUB by calling:
+
+```bash
+make qemu-grub
+```
+
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Running and adding new programs to MentOS
+
+This section explains how to add a new program to MentOS, and also how to run programs in mentos. It also explains how to add new tests, which are located in the `programs/tests` folder.
+
+### Create a new program
+
+Head to the `programs` (or the `programs/tests`) folder. Create and open a new program, for instance a file called `hello_world.c`, with your preferred editor, and add this content to the file:
+```C
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    printf("Hello, World!\n\n");
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+### Add the new program to the list of compiled sources
+Now we can add the program to the list of files which are compiled and placed inside MentOS filesystem.
+The following procedure is the same for both `programs` and `programs/tests`, what changes is which `CMakeLists.txt` file we modify.
+
+You need to modify the `CMakeLists.txt` file, either `programs/CMakeLists.txt` or `programs/tests/CMakeLists.txt`, and add your program to the list of files to be compiled:
+```Makefile
+# Add the executables (manually).
+set(PROGRAMS
+    init.c
+    ...
+    hello_world.c
+)
+```
+or
+```Makefile
+# Add the executables (manually).
+set(TESTS
+    t_mem.c
+    ...
+    hello_world.c
+)
+```
+
+That's it, the `hello_world.c` file will be compiled and will appear inside the `/bin` or `/bin/tests` folder of MentOS.
+
+### Running a program or a test
+Once you login into MentOS, if you placed your source code in `programs`, you can execute the program by simply typing:
+```bash
+hello_world
+```
+because the file resides in `/bin`, and that folder is listed in the `PATH` environment variable.
+
+Now, if you placed your source code inside the `programs/tests` folder, the executable will end up inside the `/bin/tests` folder.
+However, the `/bin/tests` folder is not listed in `PATH`, so, if you want to execute a test from that folder you need to specify the full path:
+```bash
+/bin/tests/hello_world
+```
+
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Kernel logging
 The kernel provides ways of printing logging messages *from* inside the kernel code *to* the bash where you executed the `make qemu`.
 
 These *logging* functions are:
-```C++
+```C
 #define pr_emerg(...)
 #define pr_alert(...)
 #define pr_crit(...)
@@ -167,7 +273,7 @@ These *logging* functions are:
 ```
 
 You use them like you would use a `printf`:
-```C++
+```C
     if (fd < 0) {
         pr_err("Failed to open file '%s', received file descriptor %d.\n", filename, fd);
         return 1;
@@ -177,7 +283,7 @@ You use them like you would use a `printf`:
 By default only message that goes from `pr_notice` included down to `pr_emerg` are displayed.
 
 Each logging function (they are actually macros) is a wrapper that automatically sets the desired **log level**. Each log level is identified by a number, and declared as follows:
-```C++
+```C
 #define LOGLEVEL_DEFAULT (-1) ///< default-level messages.
 #define LOGLEVEL_EMERG   0    ///< system is unusable.
 #define LOGLEVEL_ALERT   1    ///< action must be taken immediately.
@@ -190,17 +296,21 @@ Each logging function (they are actually macros) is a wrapper that automatically
 ```
 
 You can change the logging level by including the following lines at the beginning of your source code:
-```C++
+```C
 // Include the kernel log levels.
 #include "sys/kernel_levels.h"
 /// Change the header.
 #define __DEBUG_HEADER__ "[ATA   ]"
 /// Set the log level.
 #define __DEBUG_LEVEL__ LOGLEVEL_INFO
+// Include the debuggin header.
+#include "io/debug.h"
 ```
 This example sets the `__DEBUG_LEVEL__`, so that all the messages from `INFO` and below are shown. While `__DEBUG_HEADER__` is just a string that is automatically prepended to your message, helping you identifying from which code the message is coming from.
 
-## 7. Change the scheduling algorithm
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Change the scheduling algorithm
 
 MentOS supports scheduling algorithms for aperiodic:
 
@@ -266,7 +376,9 @@ make
 make qemu
 ```
 
-## 8. Use Debugger
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Debugging the kernel
 
 If you want to use GDB to debug MentOS, first you need to compile everything:
 
@@ -288,7 +400,11 @@ make qemu-gdb
 
 If you did everything correctly, you should see an empty QEMU window. Basically, QEMU is waiting for you to connect *remotely* with gdb. Anyway, running `make qemu-gdb` will make your current shell busy, you cannot call `gdb` in it. You need to open a new shell inside the `build` folder and do a:
 ```bash
-cgdb -q -iex 'add-auto-load-safe-path .'
+gdb --quiet --command=gdb.run
+```
+or
+```bash
+cgdb --quiet --command=gdb.run
 ```
 
 Now you should have in front of you:
@@ -317,7 +433,12 @@ Breakpoint 2, kmain (...) at .../mentos/src/kernel.c:95
 95      {
 ```
 
-## 9. Contributors
+There is also a launch configuration for vscode in `.vscode/launch.json`, called `(gdb) Attach`, which should allow you
+to connect to the running process.
+
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*
+
+## Contributors
 
 Project Manager:
 
@@ -339,3 +460,9 @@ Developers:
     - Soft IRQs
     - Timer
     - Signals
+* And many other valuable contributors
+  * [rouseabout](https://github.com/rouseabout)
+  * [seekbytes](https://github.com/seekbytes)
+  * [fischerling](https://github.com/fischerling)
+
+*[Back to the Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)*

doc/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ find_package(Doxygen)
 
 if (DOXYGEN_FOUND)
     # Read the file with the version.
-    file(READ ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/version.h version_file)
+    file(READ ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/version.h version_file)
     # Extract the OS version.
     string(REGEX MATCH "OS_MAJOR_VERSION ([0-9]*)" _ ${version_file})
     set(OS_MAJOR_VERSION ${CMAKE_MATCH_1})
@@ -15,276 +15,285 @@ if (DOXYGEN_FOUND)
     set(DOXYGEN_PROJECT_NAME "MentOS")
     set(DOXYGEN_PROJECT_NUMBER "${OS_MAJOR_VERSION}.${OS_MINOR_VERSION}.${OS_MICRO_VERSION}")
     set(DOXYGEN_PROJECT_BRIEF "The Mentoring Operating System")
-    set(DOXYGEN_USE_MDFILE_AS_MAINPAGE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/README.md)
+    set(DOXYGEN_USE_MDFILE_AS_MAINPAGE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/README.md)
-    set(DOXYGEN_IMAGE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/resources)
+    set(DOXYGEN_IMAGE_PATH ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/resources)
     set(DOXYGEN_SHOW_INCLUDE_FILES NO)
     set(DOXYGEN_GENERATE_TREEVIEW NO)
     set(DOXYGEN_WARN_NO_PARAMDOC YES)
-    set(DOXYGEN_HTML_STYLESHEET ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/doxygen.css)
+
+    set(DOXYGEN_ENABLE_PREPROCESSING YES)
+    set(DOXYGEN_EXTRACT_STATIC YES)
+    set(DOXYGEN_MACRO_EXPANSION YES)
+    set(DOXYGEN_EXPAND_ONLY_PREDEF YES)
+    set(DOXYGEN_PREDEFINED "__attribute__((x))= _syscall0= _syscall0(x)= _syscall1(x)= _syscall2(x)= _syscall3(x)=")
+
+    set(DOXYGEN_WARN_FORMAT "$file($line): $text")
+    set(DOXYGEN_HTML_STYLESHEET ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/doxygen.css)
     doxygen_add_docs(
-        ${PROJECT_NAME}_documentation
+        mentos_documentation
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/README.md
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/README.md
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/CODING_STYLE.md
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/LICENSE.md
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/LICENSE.md
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/signal.md
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/TODO.md
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/syscall.md
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/signal.md
+        
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/doc/syscall.md
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/boot.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/crt0.S
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/descriptor_tables/gdt.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/array.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/descriptor_tables/idt.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/assert.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/descriptor_tables/isr.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/bits/ioctls.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/descriptor_tables/tss.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/bits/stat.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/devices/fpu.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/bits/termios-struct.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/devices/pci.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/ctype.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/drivers/ata/ata.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/debug.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/drivers/ata/ata_types.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/fcntl.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/drivers/fdc.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/fcvt.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/drivers/keyboard/keyboard.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/grp.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/drivers/keyboard/keymap.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/io/mm_io.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/drivers/mouse.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/io/port_io.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/drivers/ps2.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/ipc/ipc.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/drivers/rtc.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/ipc/msg.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/elf/elf.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/ipc/sem.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/fs/ext2.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/ipc/shm.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/fs/ioctl.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/libgen.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/fs/procfs.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/limits.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/fs/vfs.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/math.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/fs/vfs_types.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/pwd.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/hardware/cpuid.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/ring_buffer.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/hardware/pic8259.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sched.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/hardware/timer.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/signal.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/io/proc_modules.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/stdarg.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/io/vga/vga.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/stdbool.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/io/vga/vga_font.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/stddef.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/io/vga/vga_mode.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/stdint.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/io/vga/vga_palette.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/stdio.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/io/video.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/stdlib.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/kernel.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/strerror.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/compiler.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/string.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/hashmap.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/bitops.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/irqflags.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/dirent.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/list.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/errno.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/list_head.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/ioctl.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/mutex.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/reboot.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/ndtree.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/stat.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/rbtree.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/types.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/spinlock.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/unistd.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/stack_helper.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/utsname.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/stdatomic.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/wait.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/link_access.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/system/syscall_types.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/mem/buddysystem.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/termios.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/mem/gfp.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/time.h
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/mem/kheap.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/abort.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/mem/paging.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/assert.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/mem/slab.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/ctype.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/mem/vmem_map.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/debug.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/mem/zone_allocator.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/fcvt.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/multiboot.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/grp.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/process/prio.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/io/mm_io.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/process/process.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/io/port_io.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/process/scheduler.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/ipc/ipc.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/process/wait.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/libc_start.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/proc_access.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/libgen.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/sys/errno.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/math.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/sys/ipc.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/pwd.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/sys/module.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sched.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/sys/reboot.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/setenv.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/sys/types.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/stdio.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/sys/utsname.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/stdlib.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/system/panic.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/strerror.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/system/printk.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/string.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/system/signal.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/errno.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/system/syscall.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/ioctl.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/version.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/unistd.c
+
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/utsname.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/boot.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/termios.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/descriptor_tables/exception.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/time.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/descriptor_tables/gdt.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/chdir.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/descriptor_tables/idt.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/close.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/descriptor_tables/interrupt.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/creat.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/descriptor_tables/tss.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/exec.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/devices/fpu.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/exit.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/devices/pci.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/fork.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/drivers/ata.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getcwd.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/drivers/fdc.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getdents.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/drivers/keyboard/keyboard.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getgid.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/drivers/keyboard/keymap.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getpgid.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/drivers/mouse.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getpid.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/drivers/ps2.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getppid.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/drivers/rtc.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getsid.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/elf/elf.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getuid.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/fs/ext2.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/interval.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/fs/ioctl.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/kill.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/fs/namei.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/lseek.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/fs/open.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/mkdir.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/fs/procfs.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/nice.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/fs/readdir.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/open.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/fs/read_write.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/read.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/fs/stat.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/reboot.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/fs/vfs.c
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-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/klib/rbtree.h
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-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/system/syscall.h
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-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/inc/version.h
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-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/descriptor_tables/interrupt.c
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-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/devices/pci.c
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+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/sys/unistd.h
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+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/inc/system/syscall_types.h
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/drivers/rtc.c
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-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/ctype.c
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-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/hashmap.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/exit.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/libgen.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/fork.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/list.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getcwd.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/math.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getdents.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/mutex.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getgid.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/ndtree.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getpgid.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/rbtree.c
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-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/string.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getuid.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/klib/time.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/interval.c
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+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/mkdir.c
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+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/read.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/mem/vmem_map.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/reboot.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/mem/zone_allocator.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/rmdir.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/multiboot.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/setgid.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/process/process.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/setpgid.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/process/scheduler.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/setsid.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/process/scheduler_algorithm.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/setuid.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/process/wait.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/signal.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/sys/module.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/stat.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/sys/utsname.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/unlink.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/system/errno.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/waitpid.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/system/panic.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/write.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/system/printk.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/vscanf.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/system/signal.c
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/vsprintf.c
-        ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/mentos/src/system/syscall.c
+
+        ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/crt0.S
     )
 endif (DOXYGEN_FOUND)

doc/syscall.md

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ specifically:
 
 1. Implemented
 2. Tested
+X. Obsolete
 
 If the column is empty it means that it's not implemented yet.
 
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ If the column is empty it means that it's not implemented yet.
  2 | 5   | sys_open                   | fs/open.c                   | const char *             | int                          | int                     | -               | -                |
  2 | 6   | sys_close                  | fs/open.c                   | int                      | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
  2 | 7   | sys_waitpid                | kernel/exit.c               | pid_t                    | unsigned int *               | int                     | -               | -                |
-   | 8   | sys_creat                  | fs/open.c                   | const char *             | int                          | -                       | -               | -                |
+ 2 | 8   | sys_creat                  | fs/open.c                   | const char *             | int                          | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 9   | sys_link                   | fs/namei.c                  | const char *             | const char *                 | -                       | -               | -                |
  2 | 10  | sys_unlink                 | fs/namei.c                  | const char *             | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
  2 | 11  | sys_execve                 | arch/i386/kernel/process.c  | struct pt_regs           | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
@@ -36,11 +37,11 @@ If the column is empty it means that it's not implemented yet.
  2 | 20  | sys_getpid                 | kernel/sched.c              | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 21  | sys_mount                  | fs/super.c                  | char *                   | char *                       | char *                  | -               | -                |
    | 22  | sys_oldumount              | fs/super.c                  | char *                   | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
-   | 23  | sys_setuid                 | kernel/sys.c                | uid_t                    | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
+ 2 | 23  | sys_setuid                 | kernel/sys.c                | uid_t                    | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
-   | 24  | sys_getuid                 | kernel/sched.c              | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
+ 2 | 24  | sys_getuid                 | kernel/sched.c              | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 25  | sys_stime                  | kernel/time.c               | int *                    | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 26  | sys_ptrace                 | arch/i386/kernel/ptrace.c   | long                     | long                         | long                    | long            | -                |
-   | 27  | sys_alarm                  | kernel/sched.c              | unsigned int             | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
+ 2 | 27  | sys_alarm                  | kernel/sched.c              | unsigned int             | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
  2 | 28  | sys_fstat                  | fs/stat.c                   | unsigned int             | struct __old_kernel_stat *   | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 29  | sys_pause                  | arch/i386/kernel/sys_i386.c | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 30  | sys_utime                  | fs/open.c                   | char *                   | struct utimbuf *             | -                       | -               | -                |
@@ -55,8 +56,8 @@ If the column is empty it means that it's not implemented yet.
    | 42  | sys_pipe                   | arch/i386/kernel/sys_i386.c | unsigned long *          | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 43  | sys_times                  | kernel/sys.c                | struct tms *             | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
  2 | 45  | sys_brk                    | mm/mmap.c                   | unsigned long            | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
-   | 46  | sys_setgid                 | kernel/sys.c                | gid_t                    | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
+ 2 | 46  | sys_setgid                 | kernel/sys.c                | gid_t                    | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
-   | 47  | sys_getgid                 | kernel/sched.c              | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
+ 2 | 47  | sys_getgid                 | kernel/sched.c              | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
  1 | 48  | sys_signal                 | kernel/signal.c             | int                      | __sighandler_t               | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 49  | sys_geteuid                | kernel/sched.c              | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 50  | sys_getegid                | kernel/sched.c              | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ If the column is empty it means that it's not implemented yet.
    | 52  | sys_umount                 | fs/super.c                  | char *                   | int                          | -                       | -               | -                |
  1 | 54  | sys_ioctl                  | fs/ioctl.c                  | unsigned int             | unsigned int                 | unsigned long           | -               | -                |
    | 55  | sys_fcntl                  | fs/fcntl.c                  | unsigned int             | unsigned int                 | unsigned long           | -               | -                |
-   | 57  | sys_setpgid                | kernel/sys.c                | pid_t                    | pid_t                        | -                       | -               | -                |
+ 2 | 57  | sys_setpgid                | kernel/sys.c                | pid_t                    | pid_t                        | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 59  | sys_olduname               | arch/i386/kernel/sys_i386.c | struct oldold_utsname *  | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 60  | sys_umask                  | kernel/sys.c                | int                      | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 61  | sys_chroot                 | fs/open.c                   | const char *             | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
@@ -72,10 +73,10 @@ If the column is empty it means that it's not implemented yet.
    | 63  | sys_dup2                   | fs/fcntl.c                  | unsigned int             | unsigned int                 | -                       | -               | -                |
  2 | 64  | sys_getppid                | kernel/sched.c              | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 65  | sys_getpgrp                | kernel/sys.c                | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
-   | 66  | sys_setsid                 | kernel/sys.c                | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
+ 2 | 66  | sys_setsid                 | kernel/sys.c                | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
  1 | 67  | sys_sigaction              | arch/i386/kernel/signal.c   | int                      | const struct old_sigaction * | struct old_sigaction *  | -               | -                |
-   | 68  | sys_sgetmask               | kernel/signal.c             | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
+ X | 68  | sys_sgetmask               | kernel/signal.c             | -                        | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
-   | 69  | sys_ssetmask               | kernel/signal.c             | int                      | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
+ X | 69  | sys_ssetmask               | kernel/signal.c             | int                      | -                            | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 70  | sys_setreuid               | kernel/sys.c                | uid_t                    | uid_t                        | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 71  | sys_setregid               | kernel/sys.c                | gid_t                    | gid_t                        | -                       | -               | -                |
    | 72  | sys_sigsuspend             | arch/i386/kernel/signal.c   | int                      | int                          | old_sigset_t            | -               | -                |

files/README

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
-MentOS 0.1
+MentOS 0.6.0
 
 Welcome to the MentOS, the Mentoring Operating System.
 
-If you want some help enter the "help" command into the cli.
+If you want some help enter the "man" command into the cli.
 
 Bye,
 The Ment(OS) Team
-

files/home/test6.txt

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-io ti vi bi!

files/home/user/README

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../README

files/home/user/test7.txt

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-tanto questa e' solo una prova :\

files/test1.txt

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-ciao mondo

files/test2.txt

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-come va ?
-AAA
-

files/test3.txt

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-bho, io credo bene eh eh eh

files/test4.txt

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-tanto questa e' solo una prova :\

files/test5.txt

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-io ti vi bi!

files/usr/share/man/ipcs.man

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+SYNOPSIS
+	ipcs [options]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+	Ipcs shows information on System V inter-process communication facilities.

files/usr/share/man/start.man

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+SYNOPSIS
+    start [OPTIONS] [FILE]
+
+DESCRIPTION
+    Start a recording session aimed at displaying an ordered list of 50 items 
+    containing information about the processes that the CPU has just processed.
+
+
+OPTIONS
+    -h: shows command help. //non funziona per ora lol
+    -p: start the session with generated children
+    -f [FILE]: start the session launching a specified program

iso/boot/grub/grub.cfg

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-set timeout=1
+set timeout=5
 set default=0
 
 menuentry "MentOS" {

libc/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,148 +1,77 @@
 # =============================================================================
-# Author: Enrico Fraccaroli
+# LIBRARY
-# =============================================================================
-# Set the minimum required version of cmake.
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1...3.22)
-# Initialize the project.
-project(libc C ASM)
-
-# =============================================================================
-# ASSEMBLY
 # =============================================================================
 
-# Enable the assembly language.
-enable_language(ASM)
-# Find the NASM compiler.
-find_program(ASM_COMPILER NAMES nasm HINTS /usr/bin/ /usr/local/bin/)
-# Mark the variable ASM_COMPILER as advanced.
-mark_as_advanced(ASM_COMPILER)
-# Check that we have found the compiler.
-if(NOT ASM_COMPILER)
-    message(FATAL_ERROR "ASM compiler not found!")
-endif(NOT ASM_COMPILER)
-# Set the asm compiler.
-set(CMAKE_ASM_COMPILER ${ASM_COMPILER})
-# Set the assembly compiler flags.
-set(CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS "${CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS} -f elf")
-set(CMAKE_ASM_COMPILE_OBJECT "<CMAKE_ASM_COMPILER> <FLAGS> -o <OBJECT> <SOURCE>")
-if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
-    set(CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS "${CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS} -g")
-    set(CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS "${CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS} -O0")
-    set(CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS "${CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS} -F dwarf")
-elseif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")
-    set(CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS "${CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS} -g")
-    set(CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS "${CMAKE_ASM_FLAGS} -O3")
-endif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
-
-# =============================================================================
-# C WARNINGs
-# =============================================================================
-
-# Warning flags.
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wall")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Werror")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wpedantic")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -pedantic-errors")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wshadow")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -std=gnu99")
-
-# Disable some specific warnings.
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-unused-function")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-unused-variable")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-unknown-pragmas")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -Wno-missing-braces")
-
-# Set the compiler options.
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -static")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -nostdlib")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -nostdinc")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fno-builtin")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fno-stack-protector")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fno-pic")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fomit-frame-pointer")
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -m32")
-if(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_VERSION VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 10)
-    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -fcommon")
-endif()
-set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -march=i686")
-
-if(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
-    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -g3")
-    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -ggdb")
-    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -O0")
-elseif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Release")
-    set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS} -O3")
-endif(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE STREQUAL "Debug")
-
-# =============================================================================
 # Add the library.
 add_library(
-    ${PROJECT_NAME}
+    libc
-
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/stdio.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/stdio.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/ctype.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ctype.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/string.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/string.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/stdlib.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/stdlib.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/math.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/math.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/fcvt.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/fcvt.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/time.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/time.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/strerror.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/strerror.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/termios.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/termios.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/libgen.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/libgen.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/vsprintf.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/vsprintf.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/vscanf.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/vscanf.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/pwd.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/pwd.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/grp.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/grp.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sched.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sched.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/readline.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/setenv.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/setenv.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/assert.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/assert.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/abort.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/abort.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/io/mm_io.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/io/mm_io.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/io/port_io.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/io/debug.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/ipc/ipc.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/ipc.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/unistd.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/unistd.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/errno.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/errno.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/utsname.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/utsname.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/sys/ioctl.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/mman.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/creat.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/sys/ioctl.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/getppid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/creat.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/getpid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getppid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/exit.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getpid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/setsid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/exit.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/getsid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/setsid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/setpgid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getsid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/getpgid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/setpgid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/setgid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getpgid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/getgid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/setgid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/setuid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getgid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/getuid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/setuid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/fork.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getuid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/read.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/fork.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/write.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/read.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/exec.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/write.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/nice.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/exec.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/open.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/nice.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/reboot.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/open.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/waitpid.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/reboot.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/chdir.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/waitpid.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/getcwd.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/chdir.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/close.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getcwd.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/stat.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/close.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/rmdir.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/stat.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/mkdir.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/rmdir.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/unlink.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/mkdir.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/getdents.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/unlink.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/lseek.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/getdents.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/kill.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/lseek.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/signal.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/kill.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/unistd/interval.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/signal.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/libc_start.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/interval.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/debug.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/symlink.c
-    ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/src/crt0.S
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/unistd/readlink.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/libc_start.c
+    ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/libc/src/crt0.S
 )
 
 # Add the includes.
-target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC inc)
+target_include_directories(libc PUBLIC inc)
 
 # Remove the 'lib' prefix.
-set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
+set_target_properties(libc PROPERTIES PREFIX "")

libc/inc/array.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file array.h
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@
         ARRAY_FREE(arr->buffer);                                                      \
     }
 
-#undef ARRAY_ALLOC malloc
+#undef ARRAY_ALLOC
-#undef ARRAY_FREE free
+#undef ARRAY_FREE

libc/inc/assert.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file assert.h
 /// @brief Defines the function and pre-processor macro for assertions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/bits/ioctls.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file ioctls.h
 /// @brief Input/Output ConTroL (IOCTL) numbers.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/bits/stat.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file stat.h
 /// @brief Defines the structure used by the functiosn fstat(), lstat(), and stat().
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/bits/termios-struct.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file termios-struct.h
 /// @brief Definition of the `termios` structure.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ typedef struct termios {
 #define IEXTEN  0x00000400 ///< Enables implementation-defined input processing.
 
 /// @brief Mask for extracting control values.
-#define CTRL(x) (x & 037)
+#define CTRL(x) ((x) & 037)

libc/inc/ctype.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file ctype.h
 /// @brief Functions related to character handling.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/debug.h

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-/// @file debug.h
-/// @brief Debugging primitives.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
-/// See LICENSE.md for details.
-
-#pragma once
-
-#ifndef __DEBUG_HEADER__
-/// Header for identifying outputs coming from a mechanism.
-#define __DEBUG_HEADER__
-#endif
-
-/// @brief Extract the filename from the full path provided by __FILE__.
-#define __FILENAME__ (__builtin_strrchr(__FILE__, '/') ? __builtin_strrchr(__FILE__, '/') + 1 : __FILE__)
-
-/// @brief Prints the given character to debug output.
-/// @param c The character to print.
-void dbg_putchar(char c);
-
-/// @brief Prints the given string to debug output.
-/// @param s The string to print.
-void dbg_puts(const char *s);
-
-/// @brief Prints the given string to the debug output.
-/// @param file   The name of the file.
-/// @param fun    The name of the function.
-/// @param line   The line inside the file.
-/// @param format The format to used, see printf.
-/// @param ...    The list of arguments.
-void dbg_printf(const char *file, const char *fun, int line, const char *format, ...);
-
-/// @brief Transforms the given amount of bytes to a readable string.
-/// @param bytes The bytes to turn to string.
-/// @return String representing the bytes in human readable form.
-const char *to_human_size(unsigned long bytes);
-
-/// @brief Transforms the given value to a binary string.
-/// @param value to print.
-/// @param length of the binary output.
-/// @return String representing the binary value.
-const char *dec_to_binary(unsigned long value, unsigned length);
-
-/// Prints a debugging message.
-#define pr_debug(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__ __VA_ARGS__)

libc/inc/fcntl.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file fcntl.h
 /// @brief Headers of functions fcntl() and open().
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -22,18 +22,18 @@
 #define S_ISUID 0x0800 ///< Set user id on execution
 #define S_ISGID 0x0400 ///< Set group id on execution
 #define S_ISVTX 0x0200 ///< Save swapped text even after use (Sticky Bit)
-#define S_IRWXU 0x01C0 ///< rwx------- : User can read/write/execute
+#define S_IRWXU 0x01C0 ///< rwx------ : User can read/write/execute
-#define S_IRUSR 0x0100 ///< -r-------- : User can read
+#define S_IRUSR 0x0100 ///< r-------- : User can read
-#define S_IWUSR 0x0080 ///< --w------- : User can write
+#define S_IWUSR 0x0080 ///< -w------- : User can write
-#define S_IXUSR 0x0040 ///< ---x------ : User can execute
+#define S_IXUSR 0x0040 ///< --x------ : User can execute
-#define S_IRWXG 0x0038 ///< ----rwx--- : Group can read/write/execute
+#define S_IRWXG 0x0038 ///< ---rwx--- : Group can read/write/execute
-#define S_IRGRP 0x0020 ///< ----r----- : Group can read
+#define S_IRGRP 0x0020 ///< ---r----- : Group can read
-#define S_IWGRP 0x0010 ///< -----w---- : Group can write
+#define S_IWGRP 0x0010 ///< ----w---- : Group can write
-#define S_IXGRP 0x0008 ///< ------x--- : Group can execute
+#define S_IXGRP 0x0008 ///< -----x--- : Group can execute
-#define S_IRWXO 0x0007 ///< -------rwx : Others can read/write/execute
+#define S_IRWXO 0x0007 ///< ------rwx : Others can read/write/execute
-#define S_IROTH 0x0004 ///< -------r-- : Others can read
+#define S_IROTH 0x0004 ///< ------r-- : Others can read
-#define S_IWOTH 0x0002 ///< --------w- : Others can write
+#define S_IWOTH 0x0002 ///< -------w- : Others can write
-#define S_IXOTH 0x0001 ///< ---------x : Others can execute
+#define S_IXOTH 0x0001 ///< --------x : Others can execute
 
 #define S_ISDIR(m)  (((m)&0170000) == 0040000) ///< directory.
 #define S_ISCHR(m)  (((m)&0170000) == 0020000) ///< char special

libc/inc/fcvt.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file fcvt.h
 /// @brief Declare the functions required to turn double values into a string.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/grp.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file grp.h
 /// @brief Defines the structures and functions for managing groups.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/io/ansi_colors.h

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 /// @file ansi_colors.h
-/// @author Enrico Fraccaroli (enry.frak@gmail.com)
+/// @brief List of ANSI colors.
-/// @brief Macros for ANSI colors.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 

libc/inc/io/debug.h

@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 /// @file debug.h
 /// @brief Debugging primitives.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "sys/kernel_levels.h"
 
-struct pt_regs;
-
 #ifndef __DEBUG_LEVEL__
-/// Defines the debug level.
+/// Defines the debug level, by default we set it to notice.
 #define __DEBUG_LEVEL__ LOGLEVEL_NOTICE
 #endif
 
@@ -28,7 +26,7 @@ void set_log_level(int level);
 
 /// @brief Returns the current loglevel.
 /// @return The current loglevel
-int get_log_level();
+int get_log_level(void);
 
 /// @brief Prints the given character to debug output.
 /// @param c The character to print.
@@ -39,17 +37,14 @@ void dbg_putchar(char c);
 void dbg_puts(const char *s);
 
 /// @brief Prints the given string to the debug output.
-/// @param file   The name of the file.
+/// @param file the name of the file.
-/// @param fun    The name of the function.
+/// @param fun the name of the function.
-/// @param line   The line inside the file.
+/// @param line the line inside the file.
-/// @param header The header to print.
+/// @param header the header to print.
-/// @param format The format to used, see printf.
+/// @param log_level the log level.
-/// @param ...    The list of arguments.
+/// @param format the format to used, see printf.
-void dbg_printf(const char *file, const char *fun, int line, char *header, const char *format, ...);
+/// @param ... the list of arguments.
-
+void dbg_printf(const char *file, const char *fun, int line, char *header, short log_level, const char *format, ...);
-/// @brief Prints the registers on debug output.
-/// @param frame Pointer to the register.
-void dbg_print_regs(struct pt_regs *frame);
 
 /// @brief Transforms the given amount of bytes to a readable string.
 /// @param bytes The bytes to turn to string.
@@ -62,53 +57,71 @@ const char *to_human_size(unsigned long bytes);
 /// @return String representing the binary value.
 const char *dec_to_binary(unsigned long value, unsigned length);
 
-/// Prints a KERN_DEFAULT.
+/// Prints a default message, which is always shown.
-#define pr_default(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, KERN_DEFAULT __VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_default(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, LOGLEVEL_DEFAULT, __VA_ARGS__)
-/// Prints a KERN_EMERG.
+
+/// Prints an emergency message.
 #if __DEBUG_LEVEL__ >= LOGLEVEL_EMERG
-#define pr_emerg(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, KERN_EMERG __VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_emerg(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, LOGLEVEL_EMERG, __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #define pr_emerg(...)
 #endif
-/// Prints a KERN_ALERT.
+
+/// Prints an alert message.
 #if __DEBUG_LEVEL__ >= LOGLEVEL_ALERT
-#define pr_alert(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, KERN_ALERT __VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_alert(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, LOGLEVEL_ALERT, __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #define pr_alert(...)
 #endif
-/// Prints a KERN_CRIT.
+
+/// Prints a critical message.
 #if __DEBUG_LEVEL__ >= LOGLEVEL_CRIT
-#define pr_crit(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, KERN_CRIT __VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_crit(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, LOGLEVEL_CRIT, __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #define pr_crit(...)
 #endif
-/// Prints a KERN_ERR.
+
+/// Prints an error message.
 #if __DEBUG_LEVEL__ >= LOGLEVEL_ERR
-#define pr_err(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, KERN_ERR __VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_err(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, LOGLEVEL_ERR, __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #define pr_err(...)
 #endif
-/// Prints a KERN_WARNING.
+
+/// Prints a warning message.
 #if __DEBUG_LEVEL__ >= LOGLEVEL_WARNING
-#define pr_warning(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, KERN_WARNING __VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_warning(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, LOGLEVEL_WARNING, __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #define pr_warning(...)
 #endif
-/// Prints a KERN_NOTICE.
+
+/// Prints a notice message.
 #if __DEBUG_LEVEL__ >= LOGLEVEL_NOTICE
-#define pr_notice(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, KERN_NOTICE __VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_notice(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, LOGLEVEL_NOTICE, __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #define pr_notice(...)
 #endif
-/// Prints a KERN_INFO.
+
+/// Prints a info message.
 #if __DEBUG_LEVEL__ >= LOGLEVEL_INFO
-#define pr_info(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, KERN_INFO __VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_info(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, LOGLEVEL_INFO, __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #define pr_info(...)
 #endif
-/// Prints a KERN_DEBUG.
+
+/// Prints a debug message.
 #if __DEBUG_LEVEL__ >= LOGLEVEL_DEBUG
-#define pr_debug(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, KERN_DEBUG __VA_ARGS__)
+#define pr_debug(...) dbg_printf(__FILENAME__, __func__, __LINE__, __DEBUG_HEADER__, LOGLEVEL_DEBUG, __VA_ARGS__)
 #else
 #define pr_debug(...)
 #endif
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+struct pt_regs;
+
+/// @brief Prints the registers on debug output.
+/// @param frame Pointer to the register.
+void dbg_print_regs(struct pt_regs *frame);
+
+#endif

libc/inc/io/mm_io.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file mm_io.h
 /// @brief Memory Mapped IO functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -8,19 +8,31 @@
 #include "stdint.h"
 
 /// @brief Reads a 8-bit value from the given address.
+/// @param addr the address we want to read from.
+/// @return the value we read.
 uint8_t in_memb(uint32_t addr);
 
 /// @brief Reads a 16-bit value from the given address.
+/// @param addr the address we want to read from.
+/// @return the value we read.
 uint16_t in_mems(uint32_t addr);
 
 /// @brief Reads a 32-bit value from the given address.
+/// @param addr the address we want to read from.
+/// @return the value we read.
 uint32_t in_meml(uint32_t addr);
 
 /// @brief Writes a 8-bit value at the given address.
+/// @param addr the address we want to write to.
+/// @param value the value we want to write.
 void out_memb(uint32_t addr, uint8_t value);
 
 /// @brief Writes a 16-bit value at the given address.
+/// @param addr the address we want to write to.
+/// @param value the value we want to write.
 void out_mems(uint32_t addr, uint16_t value);
 
 /// @brief Writes a 32-bit value at the given address.
+/// @param addr the address we want to write to.
+/// @param value the value we want to write.
 void out_meml(uint32_t addr, uint32_t value);

libc/inc/io/port_io.h

@@ -1,42 +1,150 @@
 /// @file port_io.h
 /// @brief Byte I/O on ports prototypes.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "stdint.h"
+/// @brief Reads a 8-bit value from the given port.
+/// @param port the port we want to read from.
+/// @return the value we read.
+static inline unsigned char inportb(unsigned short port)
+{
+    unsigned char result;
+    __asm__ __volatile__("inb %%dx, %%al"
+                         : "=a"(result)
+                         : "dN"(port)
+                         : "memory");
+    return result;
+}
 
-/// @brief      Used for reading from the I/O ports.
+/// @brief Reads a 16-bit value from the given port.
-/// @param port The input port.
+/// @param port the port we want to read from.
-/// @return     The read value.
+/// @return the value we read.
-uint8_t inportb(uint16_t port);
+static inline unsigned short inports(unsigned short port)
+{
+    unsigned short result;
+    __asm__ __volatile__("inw %1, %0"
+                         : "=a"(result)
+                         : "dN"(port)
+                         : "memory");
+    return result;
+}
 
-/// @brief      Used for reading 2 bytes from the I/O ports.
+/// @brief Reads a 32-bit value from the given port.
-/// @param port The input port.
+/// @param port the port we want to read from.
-/// @return     The read value.
+/// @return the value we read.
-uint16_t inports(uint16_t port);
+static inline unsigned int inportl(unsigned short port)
+{
+    unsigned int result;
+    __asm__ __volatile__("inl %%dx, %%eax"
+                         : "=a"(result)
+                         : "dN"(port)
+                         : "memory");
+    return result;
+}
 
-void inportsm(uint16_t port, uint8_t *data, unsigned long size);
+/// @brief Writes a 8-bit value at the given port.
+/// @param port the port we want to write to.
+/// @param value the value we want to write.
+static inline void outportb(unsigned short port, unsigned char value)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__("outb %%al, %%dx"
+                         :
+                         : "a"(value), "dN"(port)
+                         : "memory");
+}
 
-/// @brief      Used for reading 4 bytes from the I/O ports.
+/// @brief Writes a 16-bit value at the given port.
-/// @param port The input port.
+/// @param port the port we want to write to.
-/// @return     The read value.
+/// @param value the value we want to write.
-uint32_t inportl(uint16_t port);
+static inline void outports(unsigned short port, unsigned short value)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__("outw %1, %0"
+                         :
+                         : "dN"(port), "a"(value)
+                         : "memory");
+}
 
-/// @brief      Use this to write to I/O ports to send bytes to devices.
+/// @brief Writes a 32-bit value at the given port.
-/// @param port The output port.
+/// @param port the port we want to write to.
-/// @param data The data to write.
+/// @param value the value we want to write.
-void outportb(uint16_t port, uint8_t data);
+static inline void outportl(unsigned short port, unsigned int value)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__("outl %%eax, %%dx"
+                         :
+                         : "dN"(port), "a"(value)
+                         : "memory");
+}
 
-/// @brief      Use this to write to I/O ports to send 2 bytes to devices.
+/// @brief Reads multiple 8-bit values from the given port.
-/// @param port The output port.
+/// @param port the port we want to read from.
-/// @param data The data to write.
+/// @param addr the location where we store the values we read.
-void outports(uint16_t port, uint16_t data);
+/// @param count the number of values we want to read.
+static inline void inportsb(unsigned short port, void *addr, unsigned long count)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__(
+        "cld ; rep ; insb "
+        : "=D"(addr), "=c"(count)
+        : "d"(port), "0"(addr), "1"(count));
+}
 
-void outportsm(uint16_t port, uint8_t *data, uint16_t size);
+/// @brief Reads multiple 16-bit values from the given port.
+/// @param port the port we want to read from.
+/// @param addr the location where we store the values we read.
+/// @param count the number of values we want to read.
+static inline void inportsw(unsigned short port, void *addr, unsigned long count)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__(
+        "cld ; rep ; insw "
+        : "=D"(addr), "=c"(count)
+        : "d"(port), "0"(addr), "1"(count));
+}
 
-/// @brief      Use this to write to I/O ports to send 4 bytes to devices.
+/// @brief Reads multiple 32-bit values from the given port.
-/// @param port The output port.
+/// @param port the port we want to read from.
-/// @param data The data to write.
+/// @param addr the location where we store the values we read.
-void outportl(uint16_t port, uint32_t data);
+/// @param count the number of values we want to read.
+static inline void inportsl(unsigned short port, void *addr, unsigned long count)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__(
+        "cld ; rep ; insl "
+        : "=D"(addr), "=c"(count)
+        : "d"(port), "0"(addr), "1"(count));
+}
+
+/// @brief Writes multiple 8-bit values to the given port.
+/// @param port the port we want to write to.
+/// @param addr the location where we get the values we need to write.
+/// @param count the number of values we want to write.
+static inline void outportsb(unsigned short port, void *addr, unsigned long count)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__(
+        "cld ; rep ; outsb "
+        : "=S"(addr), "=c"(count)
+        : "d"(port), "0"(addr), "1"(count));
+}
+
+/// @brief Writes multiple 16-bit values to the given port.
+/// @param port the port we want to write to.
+/// @param addr the location where we get the values we need to write.
+/// @param count the number of values we want to write.
+static inline void outportsw(unsigned short port, void *addr, unsigned long count)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__(
+        "cld ; rep ; outsw "
+        : "=S"(addr), "=c"(count)
+        : "d"(port), "0"(addr), "1"(count));
+}
+
+/// @brief Writes multiple 32-bit values to the given port.
+/// @param port the port we want to write to.
+/// @param addr the location where we get the values we need to write.
+/// @param count the number of values we want to write.
+static inline void outportsl(unsigned short port, void *addr, unsigned long count)
+{
+    __asm__ __volatile__(
+        "cld ; rep ; outsl "
+        : "=S"(addr), "=c"(count)
+        : "d"(port), "0"(addr), "1"(count));
+}

libc/inc/ipc/ipc.h

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-/// @file ipc.h
-/// @brief Inter-Process Communication (IPC) structures.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
-/// See LICENSE.md for details.
-
-#pragma once
-
-/// @brief Permission details of an IPC object.
-struct ipc_perm {
-    /// Key supplied to msgget(2).
-    key_t __key;
-    /// Effective UID of owner.
-    uid_t uid;
-    /// Effective GID of owner.
-    gid_t gid;
-    /// Effective UID of creator.
-    uid_t cuid;
-    /// Effective GID of creator.
-    gid_t cgid;
-    /// Permissions.
-    unsigned short mode;
-    /// Sequence number.
-    unsigned short __seq;
-};

libc/inc/libgen.h

@@ -1,40 +1,29 @@
 /// @file libgen.h
 /// @brief String routines.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "stddef.h"
 
-// TODO: doxygen comment.
+/// @brief Extracts the parent directory of the given path and saves it inside
-/// @brief
+/// the given buffer, e.g., from "/home/user/test.txt" it extracts "/home/user".
-/// @param out
+/// If the path does not contain a '/', it will return ".".
-/// @param cur
+/// @param path the path we are parsing.
-/// @param sep
+/// @param buffer the buffer where we save the directory name.
-/// @param max
+/// @param buflen the length of the buffer.
-/// @result
+/// @return 1 if succesfull, or 0 if the buffer cannot contain the path.
-int parse_path(char *out, char **cur, char sep, size_t max);
+int dirname(const char *path, char *buffer, size_t buflen);
 
-// TODO: doxygen comment.
+/// @brief Extract the component after the final '/'.
-/// @brief
+/// @param path the path from which we extract the final component.
-/// @param path
+/// @return a pointer after the final '/', or path itself it none was found.
-/// @result
+const char *basename(const char *path);
-char *dirname(const char *path);
-
-// TODO: doxygen comment.
-/// @brief
-/// @param path
-/// @result
-char *basename(const char *path);
 
 /// @brief Return the canonicalized absolute pathname.
-/// @param path     The path we are canonicalizing.
+/// @param path the path we are canonicalizing.
-/// @param resolved The canonicalized path.
+/// @param buffer where we will store the canonicalized path.
-/// @return
+/// @param buflen the size of the buffer.
-/// If there is no error, realpath() returns a pointer to the resolved.
+/// @return If there is no error, realpath() returns a pointer to the buffer.
-/// Otherwise, it returns NULL, the contents of the array resolved
+/// Otherwise, it returns NULL, the contents of the array buffer are undefined,
-/// are undefined, and errno is set to indicate the error.
+/// and errno is set to indicate the error.
-/// @details
+char *realpath(const char *path, char *buffer, size_t buflen);
-/// If resolved is NULL, then realpath() uses malloc
-/// to allocate a buffer of up to PATH_MAX bytes to hold the
-/// resolved pathname, and returns a pointer to this buffer.
-char *realpath(const char *path, char *resolved);

libc/inc/limits.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file limits.h
 /// @brief OS numeric limits.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -53,5 +53,8 @@
 /// Maximum number of characters in a path name.
 #define PATH_MAX 4096
 
+/// Maximum length of arguments provided to exec function.
+#define ARG_MAX 256
+
 /// Maximum pid number.
 #define PID_MAX_LIMIT 32768

libc/inc/math.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file math.h
 /// @brief Mathematical constants and functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@
 /// @brief The sign the the passed value.
 #define sign(x) ((x < 0) ? -1 : ((x > 0) ? 1 : 0))
 
+/// @brief Returns a rounded up, away from zero, to the nearest multiple of b.
+#define round_up(number, base) (((number) + (base)-1) & ~((base)-1))
+
 /// @brief e
 #define M_E 2.7182818284590452354
 

libc/inc/pwd.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file pwd.h
 /// @brief Contains the structure and functions for managing passwords.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/readline.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/// @file readline.h
+/// @brief
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// See LICENSE.md for details.
+
+#include "stddef.h"
+
+/// @brief Reads a line from the file.
+/// @param fd the file descriptor.
+/// @param buffer the buffer where we place the line.
+/// @param buflen the length of the buffer.
+/// @param readlen the amount we read, if negative, we did not encounter a newline.
+/// @return 0 if we are done reading, 1 if we encountered a newline, -1 if otherwise.
+int readline(int fd, char *buffer, size_t buflen, ssize_t *read_len);

libc/inc/ring_buffer.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file ring_buffer.h
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/sched.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file sched.h
 /// @brief Structures and functions for managing the scheduler.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "sys/types.h"
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ int sched_getparam(pid_t pid, sched_param_t *param);
 /// @brief Placed at the end of an infinite while loop, stops the process until,
 /// its next period starts. The calling process must be a periodic one.
 /// @return 0 on success, -1 on failure and errno is set to indicate the error.
-int waitperiod();
+int waitperiod(void);

libc/inc/signal.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file signal.h
 /// @brief Signals definition.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/stdarg.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file stdarg.h
 /// @brief Contains the macros required to manage variable number of arguments.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/stdbool.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file stdbool.h
 /// @brief Defines the boolean values.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/stddef.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file stddef.h
 /// @brief Define basic data types.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -68,3 +68,13 @@ typedef unsigned int pgprot_t;
 /// Returns the alignment, in bytes, of the specified type.
 #define alignof(type) offsetof( \
     struct { char c; type member; }, member)
+
+/// Counts the number of elements of an array.
+#define count_of(x) ((sizeof(x) / sizeof((x)[0])) / ((size_t)(!(sizeof(x) % sizeof((x)[0])))))
+
+#define swap(a, b)             \
+    do {                       \
+        typeof(a) temp = (a);  \
+        (a)            = (b);  \
+        (b)            = temp; \
+    } while (0)

libc/inc/stdint.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file stdint.h
 /// @brief Standard integer data-types.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/stdio.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file stdio.h
 /// @brief Standard I/0 functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ void putchar(int character);
 /// @brief Writes the string pointed by str to the standard output (stdout)
 ///        and appends a newline character.
 /// @param str The string to send to stdout.
-void puts(char *str);
+void puts(const char *str);
 
 /// @brief Returns the next character from the standard input (stdin).
 /// @return The character received from stdin.
-int getchar();
+int getchar(void);
 
 /// @brief Reads characters from the standard input (stdin).
 /// @param str Where the characters are stored.
@@ -124,3 +124,7 @@ int sscanf(const char *str, const char *fmt, ...);
 ///         argument list successfully filled. EOF otherwise.
 int fscanf(int fd, const char *fmt, ...);
 #endif
+
+/// @brief Prints a system error message.
+/// @param s the message we prepend to the actual error message.
+void perror(const char *s);

libc/inc/stdlib.h

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 /// @file stdlib.h
 /// @brief Useful generic functions and macros.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 
+#ifndef __KERNEL__
+
 #include "stddef.h"
 
+#define EXIT_SUCCESS 0 ///< Successful execution of a program.
+#define EXIT_FAILURE 1 ///< Unsuccessful execution of a program.
+
 /// @brief Returns the number of usable bytes in the block pointed to by ptr.
 /// @param ptr The pointer for which we want to retrieve the usable size.
 /// @return The number of usable bytes in the block of allocated memory
@@ -38,19 +43,8 @@ void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size);
 /// @param ptr The pointer to the allocated memory.
 void free(void *ptr);
 
-/// The maximum value returned by the rand function.
-#define RAND_MAX ((1U << 31U) - 1U)
-
-/// @brief Allows to set the seed of the random value generator.
-/// @param x The new seed.
-void srand(int x);
-
-/// @brief Generates a random value.
-/// @return The random value.
-int rand();
-
 /// @brief Cause an abnormal program termination with core-dump.
-void abort();
+void abort(void);
 
 /// @brief Tries to adds the variable to the environment.
 /// @param name      Name of the variable.
@@ -68,3 +62,38 @@ int unsetenv(const char *name);
 /// @param name Name of the variable.
 /// @return A pointer to the value, or NULL if there is no match.
 char *getenv(const char *name);
+
+#endif
+
+/// The maximum value returned by the rand function.
+#define RAND_MAX ((1U << 31U) - 1U)
+
+/// @brief Allows to set the seed of the random value generator.
+/// @param x The new seed.
+void srand(unsigned x);
+
+/// @brief Generates a random unsigned integer between 0 and RAND_MAX.
+/// @return the random value.
+unsigned rand(void);
+
+/// @brief Generates a random floating point number between 0 and 1.
+/// @return the random value.
+float randf(void);
+
+/// @brief Generates a random integer between lb and ub.
+/// @param lb the lower-bound value.
+/// @param ub the upper-bound value.
+/// @return the random value.
+int randint(int lb, int ub);
+
+/// @brief Generates a random unsigned between lb and ub.
+/// @param lb the lower-bound value.
+/// @param ub the upper-bound value.
+/// @return the random value.
+unsigned randuint(unsigned lb, unsigned ub);
+
+/// @brief Generates a random float between lb and ub.
+/// @param lb the lower-bound value.
+/// @param ub the upper-bound value.
+/// @return the random value.
+float randfloat(float lb, float ub);

libc/inc/strerror.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file strerror.h
 /// @brief Contains the function that transfornms an errno into a string.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/string.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file string.h
 /// @brief String routines.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -170,6 +170,15 @@ char *strtok(char *str, const char *delim);
 /// should be NULL, and saveptr should be unchanged since the previous call.
 char *strtok_r(char *str, const char *delim, char **saveptr);
 
+/// @brief Parses the string using the separator, and at each call it saves the
+/// parsed token in buffer. The pointer `string` will be modified.
+/// @param string cursor used to parse the string, it will be modified.
+/// @param separators the list of separators we are using.
+/// @param buffer the buffer where we save the parsed token.
+/// @param buflen the length of the buffer.
+/// @return 1 if we still have things to parse, 0 if we finished parsing.
+int tokenize(const char *string, char *separators, size_t *offset, char *buffer, ssize_t buflen);
+
 /// @brief Copies the values of num bytes from the location pointed by source
 /// to the memory block pointed by destination.
 /// @param dst Pointer to the destination array where the content is to be

libc/inc/sys/bitops.h

@@ -1,34 +1,38 @@
 /// @file bitops.h
 /// @brief Bitmasks functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 
-#define bit_set(V, B)          ((V) | (1U << (B)))   ///< Sets the given bit.
+#define bit_set(V, B)              ((V) | (1U << (B)))                                   ///< Sets the given bit.
-#define bit_clear(V, B)        ((V) & ~(1U << (B)))  ///< Clears the given bit.
+#define bit_clear(V, B)            ((V) & ~(1U << (B)))                                  ///< Clears the given bit.
-#define bit_flip(V, B)         ((V) ^ (1U << (B)))   ///< Flips the given bit.
+#define bit_flip(V, B)             ((V) ^ (1U << (B)))                                   ///< Flips the given bit.
-#define bit_set_assign(V, B)   ((V) |= (1U << (B)))  ///< Sets the given bit, permanently.
+#define bit_check(V, B)            ((V) & (1U << (B)))                                   ///< Checks if the given bit is 1.
-#define bit_clear_assign(V, B) ((V) &= ~(1U << (B))) ///< Clears the given bit, permanently.
+#define bit_toggle(V, B, C)        ((C) ? bit_set(V, B) : bit_clear(V, B))               ///< Sets the given bit based on control bit C.
-#define bit_flip_assign(V, B)  ((V) ^= (1U << (B)))  ///< Flips the given bit, permanently.
+#define bit_set_assign(V, B)       ((V) |= (1U << (B)))                                  ///< Sets the given bit, permanently.
-#define bit_check(V, B)        ((V) & (1U << (B)))   ///< Checks if the given bit is 1.
+#define bit_clear_assign(V, B)     ((V) &= ~(1U << (B)))                                 ///< Clears the given bit, permanently.
+#define bit_flip_assign(V, B)      ((V) ^= (1U << (B)))                                  ///< Flips the given bit, permanently.
+#define bit_toggle_assign(V, B, C) ((C) ? bit_set_assign(V, B) : bit_clear_assign(V, B)) ///< Sets the given bit based on control bit C.
 
 #define bitmask_set(V, M)          ((V) | (M))   ///< Sets the bits identified by the mask.
 #define bitmask_clear(V, M)        ((V) & ~(M))  ///< Clears the bits identified by the mask.
 #define bitmask_flip(V, M)         ((V) ^ (M))   ///< Flips the bits identified by the mask.
+#define bitmask_check(V, M)        ((V) & (M))   ///< Checks if the bits identified by the mask are all 1.
 #define bitmask_set_assign(V, M)   ((V) |= (M))  ///< Sets the bits identified by the mask, permanently.
 #define bitmask_clear_assign(V, M) ((V) &= ~(M)) ///< Clears the bits identified by the mask, permanently.
 #define bitmask_flip_assign(V, M)  ((V) ^= (M))  ///< Flips the bits identified by the mask, permanently.
-#define bitmask_check(V, M)        ((V) & (M))   ///< Checks if the bits identified by the mask are all 1.
 
 /// @brief Finds the first bit at zero, starting from the less significative bit.
 /// @param value the value we need to analyze.
 /// @return the position of the first zero bit.
 static inline int find_first_zero(unsigned long value)
 {
-    for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i)
+    for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
-        if (!bit_check(value, i))
+        if (!bit_check(value, i)) {
             return i;
+        }
+    }
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -37,8 +41,10 @@ static inline int find_first_zero(unsigned long value)
 /// @return the position of the first non-zero bit.
 static inline int find_first_non_zero(unsigned long value)
 {
-    for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i)
+    for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) {
-        if (bit_check(value, i))
+        if (bit_check(value, i)) {
             return i;
+        }
+    }
     return 0;
 }

libc/inc/sys/dirent.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file dirent.h
 /// @brief Functions used to manage directories.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/sys/errno.h

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 /// @file errno.h
 /// @brief System call errors definition.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 
-extern int *__geterrno();
+extern int *__geterrno(void);
 
 /// Provide easy access to the error number.
 #define errno (*__geterrno())
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ extern int *__geterrno();
 #define ENOEXEC         8 ///< Exec format error.
 #define EBADF           9 ///< Bad file number.
 #define ECHILD          10 ///< No child processes.
-#define EAGAIN          11 ///< Try again.
+#define EAGAIN          11 ///< Resource temporarily unavailable.
 #define ENOMEM          12 ///< Out of memory.
 #define EACCES          13 ///< Permission denied.
 #define EFAULT          14 ///< Bad address.

libc/inc/sys/ioctl.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file ioctl.h
 /// @brief Input/Output ConTroL (IOCTL) functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/sys/ipc.h

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/// @file ipc.h
+/// @brief Inter-Process Communication (IPC) structures.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// See LICENSE.md for details.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "sys/types.h"
+#include "stddef.h"
+
+#define IPC_CREAT  01000 ///< Create key if key does not exist.
+#define IPC_EXCL   02000 ///< Fail if key exists.
+#define IPC_NOWAIT 04000 ///< Return error on wait.
+#define IPC_RMID   0     ///< Remove identifier.
+#define IPC_SET    1     ///< Set `ipc_perm' options.
+#define IPC_STAT   2     ///< Get `ipc_perm' options.
+#define IPC_INFO   3     ///< See ipcs.
+
+#define IPC_PRIVATE ((key_t)0) ///< assures getting a new ipc_key.
+
+/// @brief Permission details of an IPC object.
+struct ipc_perm {
+    /// Key associated to the IPC.
+    key_t key;
+    /// Effective UID of owner.
+    uid_t uid;
+    /// Effective GID of owner.
+    gid_t gid;
+    /// Effective UID of creator.
+    uid_t cuid;
+    /// Effective GID of creator.
+    gid_t cgid;
+    /// Permissions.
+    unsigned short mode;
+    /// Sequence number.
+    unsigned short __seq;
+};
+
+/// @brief Returns a possible IPC key based upon the filepath and the id.
+/// @param path The file path.
+/// @param id the project id.
+/// @return the IPC key.
+key_t ftok(char *path, int id);

libc/inc/sys/kernel_levels.h

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/// @file   kernel_levels.h
+/// @brief
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// See LICENSE.md for details.
+
+#pragma once
+
+// Integer equivalents of KERN_<LEVEL>
+#define LOGLEVEL_DEFAULT (-1) ///< default-level messages.
+#define LOGLEVEL_EMERG   0    ///< system is unusable.
+#define LOGLEVEL_ALERT   1    ///< action must be taken immediately.
+#define LOGLEVEL_CRIT    2    ///< critical conditions.
+#define LOGLEVEL_ERR     3    ///< error conditions.
+#define LOGLEVEL_WARNING 4    ///< warning conditions.
+#define LOGLEVEL_NOTICE  5    ///< normal but significant condition.
+#define LOGLEVEL_INFO    6    ///< informational.
+#define LOGLEVEL_DEBUG   7    ///< debug-level messages.

libc/inc/sys/list_head.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file list_head.h
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -22,31 +22,37 @@ typedef struct list_head {
 #define list_entry(ptr, type, member) container_of(ptr, type, member)
 
 /// @brief Iterates over a list.
-/// @param pos    The &list_head to use as a loop cursor.
+/// @param pos the name of the iterator used to visit the list.
-/// @param head   The head for your list.
+/// @param head the head for your list.
 #define list_for_each(pos, head) \
     for ((pos) = (head)->next; (pos) != (head); (pos) = (pos)->next)
 
-/// @brief Iterates over a list backwards.
-/// @param pos    The &list_head to use as a loop cursor.
-/// @param head   The head for your list.
-#define list_for_each_prev(pos, head) \
-    for ((pos) = (head)->prev; (pos) != (head); (pos) = (pos)->prev)
-
 /// @brief Iterates over a list safe against removal of list entry.
-/// @param pos    The &list_head to use as a loop cursor.
+/// @param pos the name of the iterator used to visit the list.
-/// @param store  Another &list_head to use as temporary storage.
+/// @param store another list iterator to use as temporary storage.
-/// @param head   The head for your list.
+/// @param head the head for your list.
 #define list_for_each_safe(pos, store, head)                           \
     for ((pos) = (head)->next, (store) = (pos)->next; (pos) != (head); \
          (pos) = (store), (store) = (pos)->next)
 
-/// @brief Iterates over a list.
+/// @brief Iterates over a list, but declares the iterator.
-/// @param pos    The &list_head to use as a loop cursor.
+/// @param pos the name of the iterator used to visit the list.
-/// @param head   The head for your list.
+/// @param head the head for your list.
 #define list_for_each_decl(pos, head) \
     for (list_head * (pos) = (head)->next; (pos) != (head); (pos) = (pos)->next)
 
+/// @brief Iterates over a list backwards.
+/// @param pos the name of the iterator used to visit the list.
+/// @param head the head for your list.
+#define list_for_each_prev(pos, head) \
+    for ((pos) = (head)->prev; (pos) != (head); (pos) = (pos)->prev)
+
+/// @brief Iterates over a list backwards, but declares the iterator.
+/// @param pos the name of the iterator used to visit the list.
+/// @param head the head for your list.
+#define list_for_each_prev_decl(pos, head) \
+    for (list_head * (pos) = (head)->prev; (pos) != (head); (pos) = (pos)->prev)
+
 /// @brief Initializes the list_head.
 /// @param head The head of your list.
 static inline void list_head_init(list_head *head)
@@ -62,13 +68,15 @@ static inline int list_head_empty(const list_head *head)
     return head->next == head;
 }
 
-/// @brief Initializes the list_head.
+/// @brief Computes the size of the list.
-/// @param head The head for your list.
+/// @param head The head of the list.
+/// @return the size of the list.
 static inline unsigned list_head_size(const list_head *head)
 {
     unsigned size = 0;
-    if (!list_head_empty(head))
+    if (!list_head_empty(head)) {
         list_for_each_decl(it, head) size += 1;
+    }
     return size;
 }
 
@@ -160,3 +168,32 @@ static inline void list_head_append(list_head *main, list_head *secondary)
         list_head_init(secondary);
     }
 }
+
+/// @brief Replaces entry1 with entry2, entry1 will be removed from the list.
+/// @param entry1 the first entry to remove.
+/// @param entry2 the second entry which will take the place of the first entry.
+static inline void list_head_replace(list_head *entry1, list_head *entry2)
+{
+    // First we need to remove the second entry.
+    list_head_remove(entry2);
+    // Then, we can place second entry where the first entry is.
+    entry2->next       = entry1->next;
+    entry2->next->prev = entry2;
+    entry2->prev       = entry1->prev;
+    entry2->prev->next = entry2;
+    // Re-initialize the first entry.
+    list_head_init(entry1);
+}
+
+/// @brief Swaps entry1 and entry2 inside the list.
+/// @param entry1 the first entry.
+/// @param entry2 the second entry.
+static inline void list_head_swap(list_head *entry1, list_head *entry2)
+{
+    list_head *pos = entry2->prev;
+    list_head_replace(entry1, entry2);
+    if (pos == entry1) {
+        pos = entry2;
+    }
+    list_head_insert_after(entry1, pos);
+}

libc/inc/sys/list_head_algorithm.h

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/// @file list_head_algorithm.h
+/// @author Enrico Fraccaroli (enry.frak@gmail.com)
+/// @brief Some general algorithm that might come in handy while using list_head.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// See LICENSE.md for details.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "list_head.h"
+
+/// @brief list_head comparison function.
+typedef int (*list_head_compare)(const list_head *, const list_head *);
+
+/// @brief -
+/// @param list
+/// @param compare
+static inline void list_head_sort(list_head *list, list_head_compare compare)
+{
+    list_head *current = NULL, *index = NULL, *next = NULL;
+    // Check whether list is empty
+    if (!list_head_empty(list)) {
+        // Keeps track if we need to restart the outer loop.
+        int restart = 0;
+        // Current will point to head
+        for (current = list->next; current->next != list;) {
+            // Save pointer to next.
+            next = current->next;
+            // Reset restart flag.
+            restart = 0;
+            // Index will point to node next to current
+            for (index = current->next; index != list; index = index->next) {
+                // If current's data is greater than index's data, swap the data of
+                // current and index
+                if (compare(current, index)) {
+                    list_head_swap(index, current);
+                    restart = 1;
+                }
+            }
+            // Check if we need to restart.
+            if (restart) {
+                current = list->next;
+            } else {
+                current = next;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

libc/inc/sys/mman.h

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/// @file mman.h
+/// @author Enrico Fraccaroli (enry.frak@gmail.com)
+/// @brief Functions for managing mappings in virtual address space.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// See LICENSE.md for details.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "stddef.h"
+
+#define PROT_READ  0x1 ///< Page can be read.
+#define PROT_WRITE 0x2 ///< Page can be written.
+#define PROT_EXEC  0x4 ///< Page can be executed.
+
+#define MAP_SHARED  0x01 ///< The memory is shared.
+#define MAP_PRIVATE 0x02 ///< The memory is private.
+
+#ifndef __KERNEL__
+
+void *mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
+
+int munmap(void *addr, size_t length);
+
+#else
+
+void *sys_mmap(void *addr, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
+
+int sys_munmap(void *addr, size_t length);
+
+#endif

libc/inc/sys/msg.h

@@ -1,31 +1,48 @@
 /// @file msg.h
 /// @brief Definition of structure for managing message queues.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "sys/types.h"
+#include "sys/ipc.h"
 #include "stddef.h"
+#include "sys/types.h"
 #include "time.h"
-#include "ipc.h"
 
-/// Type for storing the number of messages in a message queue.
+/// The maximum size for a message text.
-typedef unsigned int msgqnum_t;
+#define MSGMAX 8192
+/// The default maximum size in bytes of a message queue.
+#define MSGMNB 16384
 
-/// Type for storing the number of bytes in a message queue.
+/// Specify that we should not treat as an error if the message we are trying to
-typedef unsigned int msglen_t;
+/// return to the user, is too big. That message will be truncated to fit the
+/// user-defined reading buffer. If not specified, the message is kept in the
+/// queue, and an error is returned.
+#define MSG_NOERROR 010000
 
 /// @brief Buffer to use with the message queue IPC.
-typedef struct msgbuf {
+struct msgbuf {
     /// Type of the message.
     long mtype;
     /// Text of the message.
     char mtext[1];
-} msgbuf_t;
+};
+
+/// Keeps track of a stored message.
+struct msg {
+    /// Pointer to the next message on queue.
+    struct msg *msg_next;
+    /// The type of message.
+    long msg_type;
+    /// Pointer to the beginning of the message.
+    char *msg_ptr;
+    /// The length of the message.
+    size_t msg_size;
+};
 
 /// @brief Message queue data structure.
-typedef struct msqid_ds {
+struct msqid_ds {
     /// Ownership and permissions.
     struct ipc_perm msg_perm;
     /// Time of last msgsnd(2).
@@ -35,26 +52,30 @@ typedef struct msqid_ds {
     /// Time of creation or last modification by msgctl().
     time_t msg_ctime;
     /// Number of bytes in queue.
-    unsigned long msg_cbytes;
+    unsigned short msg_cbytes;
     /// Number of messages in queue.
-    msgqnum_t msg_qnum;
+    unsigned short msg_qnum;
     /// Maximum number of bytes in queue.
-    msglen_t msg_qbytes;
+    unsigned short msg_qbytes;
     /// PID of last msgsnd(2).
     pid_t msg_lspid;
     /// PID of last msgrcv(2).
     pid_t msg_lrpid;
-} msqid_ds_t;
+};
 
 #ifdef __KERNEL__
 
+/// @brief Initializes the message queue system.
+/// @return 0 on success, 1 on failure.
+int msq_init(void);
+
 /// @brief Get a System V message queue identifier.
 /// @param key can be used either to obtain the identifier of a previously
 /// created message queue, or to create a new set.
 /// @param msgflg controls the behaviour of the function.
 /// @return the message queue identifier, -1 on failure, and errno is set to
 /// indicate the error.
-long sys_msgget(key_t key, int msgflg);
+int sys_msgget(key_t key, int msgflg);
 
 /// @brief Used to send messages.
 /// @param msqid the message queue identifier.
@@ -62,7 +83,7 @@ long sys_msgget(key_t key, int msgflg);
 /// @param msgsz specifies the size in bytes of mtext.
 /// @param msgflg specifies the action to be taken in case of specific events.
 /// @return 0 on success, -1 on failure and errno is set to indicate the error.
-long sys_msgsnd(int msqid, msgbuf_t *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg);
+int sys_msgsnd(int msqid, const void *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg);
 
 /// @brief Used to receive messages.
 /// @param msqid the message queue identifier.
@@ -74,15 +95,16 @@ long sys_msgsnd(int msqid, msgbuf_t *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg);
 /// - msgtyp  < 0: the first message of the lowest type that is less than or
 ///                equal to the absolute value of msgtyp is received.
 /// @param msgflg specifies the action to be taken in case of specific events.
-/// @return 0 on success, -1 on failure and errno is set to indicate the error.
+/// @return the number of bytes actually copied on success, -1 on failure and
-long sys_msgrcv(int msqid, msgbuf_t *msgp, size_t msgsz, long msgtyp, int msgflg);
+/// errno is set to indicate the error.
+ssize_t sys_msgrcv(int msqid, void *msgp, size_t msgsz, long msgtyp, int msgflg);
 
 /// @brief Message queue control operations.
 /// @param msqid the message queue identifier.
 /// @param cmd The command to perform.
 /// @param buf used with IPC_STAT and IPC_SET.
 /// @return 0 on success, -1 on failure and errno is set to indicate the error.
-long sys_msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, msqid_ds_t *buf);
+int sys_msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid_ds *buf);
 
 #else
 
@@ -92,7 +114,7 @@ long sys_msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, msqid_ds_t *buf);
 /// @param msgflg controls the behaviour of the function.
 /// @return the message queue identifier, -1 on failure, and errno is set to
 /// indicate the error.
-long msgget(key_t key, int msgflg);
+int msgget(key_t key, int msgflg);
 
 /// @brief Used to send messages.
 /// @param msqid the message queue identifier.
@@ -100,7 +122,7 @@ long msgget(key_t key, int msgflg);
 /// @param msgsz specifies the size in bytes of mtext.
 /// @param msgflg specifies the action to be taken in case of specific events.
 /// @return 0 on success, -1 on failure and errno is set to indicate the error.
-long msgsnd(int msqid, msgbuf_t *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg);
+int msgsnd(int msqid, const void *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg);
 
 /// @brief Used to receive messages.
 /// @param msqid the message queue identifier.
@@ -112,14 +134,15 @@ long msgsnd(int msqid, msgbuf_t *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg);
 /// - msgtyp  < 0: the first message of the lowest type that is less than or
 ///                equal to the absolute value of msgtyp is received.
 /// @param msgflg specifies the action to be taken in case of specific events.
-/// @return 0 on success, -1 on failure and errno is set to indicate the error.
+/// @return the number of bytes actually copied on success, -1 on failure and
-long msgrcv(int msqid, msgbuf_t *msgp, size_t msgsz, long msgtyp, int msgflg);
+/// errno is set to indicate the error.
+ssize_t msgrcv(int msqid, void *msgp, size_t msgsz, long msgtyp, int msgflg);
 
 /// @brief Message queue control operations.
 /// @param msqid the message queue identifier.
 /// @param cmd The command to perform.
 /// @param buf used with IPC_STAT and IPC_SET.
 /// @return 0 on success, -1 on failure and errno is set to indicate the error.
-long msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, msqid_ds_t *buf);
+int msgctl(int msqid, int cmd, struct msqid_ds *buf);
 
 #endif

libc/inc/sys/reboot.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file reboot.h
 /// @brief Defines the values required to issue a reboot.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/sys/sem.h

@@ -1,27 +1,87 @@
 /// @file sem.h
 /// @brief Definition of structure for managing semaphores.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "sys/types.h"
 #include "stddef.h"
+#include "sys/ipc.h"
 #include "time.h"
-#include "ipc.h"
+
+#define SEM_UNDO 0x1000 ///< Undo the operation on exit.
+
+/// @defgroup SemaphoreCommands semctl commands
+/// @brief List of commands for semctl function.
+/// @{
+
+#define GETPID   11 ///< Get sempid.
+#define GETVAL   12 ///< Get semval.
+#define GETALL   13 ///< Get all semval's.
+#define GETNCNT  14 ///< Get semncnt.
+#define GETZCNT  15 ///< Get semzcnt.
+#define SETVAL   16 ///< Set semval.
+#define SETALL   17 ///< Set all semval's.
+#define SEM_STAT 18 ///< Return a semid_ds structure.
+#define SEM_INFO 19 ///< Return a seminfo structure.
+
+/// }@
+
+#define SEM_SET_MAX 256
+
+/// @brief Optional argument for semctl() function
+union semun {
+    /// @brief Value for SETVAL.
+    int val;
+    /// @brief Buffer for IPC_STAT & IPC_SET.
+    struct semid_ds *buf;
+    /// @brief Array for GETALL & SETALL.
+    unsigned short *array;
+    /// @brief Buffer for IPC_INFO.
+    struct seminfo *__buf;
+};
+
+/// @brief Single Semaphore.
+struct sem {
+    /// @brief Process ID of the last operation.
+    pid_t sem_pid;
+    /// @brief Semaphore Value.
+    unsigned short sem_val;
+    /// @brief Number of processes waiting for the semaphore.
+    unsigned short sem_ncnt;
+    /// @brief Number of processes waiting for the value to become 0.
+    unsigned short sem_zcnt;
+};
+
+/// @brief Semaphore set
+struct semid_ds {
+    /// @brief Ownership and permissions.
+    struct ipc_perm sem_perm;
+    /// @brief Last semop time.
+    time_t sem_otime;
+    /// @brief Last change time.
+    time_t sem_ctime;
+    /// @brief Number of semaphores in set.
+    unsigned short sem_nsems;
+};
 
 /// @brief Buffer to use with the semaphore IPC.
 struct sembuf {
-    /// Semaphore index in array.
+    /// @brief Semaphore index in array.
     unsigned short sem_num;
-    /// Semaphore operation.
+    /// @brief Semaphore operation.
     short sem_op;
-    /// Operation flags.
+    /// @brief Operation flags.
     short sem_flg;
 };
 
 #ifdef __KERNEL__
 
+/// @brief Initializes the semaphore system.
+/// @return 0 on success, 1 on failure.
+int sem_init(void);
+
 /// @brief Get a System V semaphore set identifier.
 /// @param key can be used either to obtain the identifier of a previously
 /// created semaphore set, or to create a new set.
@@ -44,7 +104,7 @@ long sys_semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops);
 /// @param cmd the command to perform.
 /// @param arg
 /// @return 0 on success, -1 on failure and errno is set to indicate the error.
-long sys_semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd, unsigned long arg);
+long sys_semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd, union semun *arg);
 
 #else
 
@@ -70,6 +130,6 @@ long semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops);
 /// @param cmd the command to perform.
 /// @param arg
 /// @return 0 on success, -1 on failure and errno is set to indicate the error.
-long semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd, unsigned long arg);
+long semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd, union semun *arg);
 
 #endif

libc/inc/sys/shm.h

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 /// @file shm.h
 /// @brief Definition of structure for managing shared memories.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "sys/types.h"
 #include "stddef.h"
+#include "sys/ipc.h"
 #include "time.h"
-#include "ipc.h"
 
 /// Data type for storing the number of attaches.
 typedef unsigned long shmatt_t;
@@ -19,27 +19,22 @@ struct shmid_ds {
     struct ipc_perm shm_perm;
     /// Size of segment in bytes.
     size_t shm_segsz;
-    /// Time of last shmat().
+    /// Time of last attach.
     time_t shm_atime;
-    /// Time of last shmdt().
+    /// Time of last detach.
     time_t shm_dtime;
-    /// Time of last change by shmctl().
+    /// Time of last change.
     time_t shm_ctime;
     /// Pid of creator.
     pid_t shm_cpid;
-    /// Pid of last shmop.
+    /// Pid of last operator.
     pid_t shm_lpid;
     /// Number of current attaches.
     shmatt_t shm_nattch;
-    /// Pointer to the next shared memory data structure.
-    struct shmid_ds *next;
-    /// Where shm created is memorized, should be a file.
-    void *shm_location;
 };
 
 #if 0
 
-#include "ipc.h"
 #include "debug.h"
 #include "time.h"
 #include "kheap.h"
@@ -56,20 +51,6 @@ struct shmid_ds {
 #define SHM_W      0200
 //==============================================================================
 
-//======== Flags for shmat =====================================================
-// Attach read-only else read-write.
-#define SHM_RDONLY 010000
-
-// Round attach address to SHMLBA.
-#define SHM_RND    020000
-
-// Take-over region on attach.
-#define SHM_REMAP  040000
-
-// Execution access.
-#define SHM_EXEC   0100000
-//==============================================================================
-
 //======== Commands for shmctl =================================================
 // Lock segment (root only).
 #define SHM_LOCK   11
@@ -98,51 +79,27 @@ struct shmid_ds {
 // Don't check for reservations.
 #define SHM_NORESERVE 010000
 
-/// @@brief Syscall Service Routine: Shared memory control operation.
-int syscall_shmctl(int *args);
-
-/// @@brief Syscall Service Routine: Get shared memory segment.
-int syscall_shmget(int *args);
-
-/// @@brief Syscall Service Routine: Attach shared memory segment.
-void *syscall_shmat(int *args);
-
-/// @@brief Syscall  Service Routine: Detach shared memory segment.
-int syscall_shmdt(int *args);
-
-/// @@brief User Wrapper: Shared memory control operation.
-int shmctl(int shmid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf);
-
-/// @@brief User Wrapper: Get shared memory segment.
-int shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int flags);
-
-/// @@brief User Wrapper: Attach shared memory segment.
-void *shmat(int shmid, void *shmaddr, int flag);
-
-/// @@brief User Wrapper: Detach shared memory segment.
-int shmdt(void *shmaddr);
-
-/// @@brief Find shmid_ds on list.
-struct shmid_ds *find_shm_fromid(int shmid);
-
-/// @@brief Find shmid_ds on list.
-struct shmid_ds *find_shm_fromkey(key_t key);
-
-/// @@brief shmid_ds on list.
-struct shmid_ds *find_shm_fromvaddr(void *shmvaddr);
-
 #endif
 
+#define SHM_RDONLY 010000  ///< Attach read-only else read-write.
+#define SHM_RND    020000  ///< Round attach address to SHMLBA.
+#define SHM_REMAP  040000  ///< Take-over region on attach.
+#define SHM_EXEC   0100000 ///< Execution access.
+
 #ifdef __KERNEL__
 
+/// @brief Initializes the shared memory.
+/// @return 0 on success, 1 on failure.
+int shm_init(void);
+
 /// @brief Get a System V shared memory identifier.
 /// @param key can be used either to obtain the identifier of a previously
 /// created shared memory, or to create a new one.
 /// @param size of the shared memory, rounded up to a multiple of PAGE_SIZE.
-/// @param flag controls the behaviour of the function.
+/// @param shmflg controls the behaviour of the function.
 /// @return the shared memory identifier, -1 on failure, and errno is set to
 /// indicate the error.
-long sys_shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int flag);
+long sys_shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int shmflg);
 
 /// @brief Attaches the shared memory segment identified by shmid to the address
 /// space of the calling process.
@@ -151,7 +108,7 @@ long sys_shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int flag);
 /// @param shmflg controls the behaviour of the function.
 /// @return returns the address of the attached shared memory segment; on error
 /// (void *) -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the error.
-void * sys_shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg);
+void *sys_shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg);
 
 /// @brief Detaches the shared memory segment located at the address specified
 /// by shmaddr from the address space of the calling process
@@ -174,10 +131,10 @@ long sys_shmctl(int shmid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf);
 /// @param key can be used either to obtain the identifier of a previously
 /// created shared memory, or to create a new one.
 /// @param size of the shared memory, rounded up to a multiple of PAGE_SIZE.
-/// @param flag controls the behaviour of the function.
+/// @param shmflg controls the behaviour of the function.
 /// @return the shared memory identifier, -1 on failure, and errno is set to
 /// indicate the error.
-long shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int flag);
+long shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int shmflg);
 
 /// @brief Attaches the shared memory segment identified by shmid to the address
 /// space of the calling process.
@@ -186,7 +143,7 @@ long shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int flag);
 /// @param shmflg controls the behaviour of the function.
 /// @return returns the address of the attached shared memory segment; on error
 /// (void *) -1 is returned, and errno is set to indicate the error.
-void * shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg);
+void *shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg);
 
 /// @brief Detaches the shared memory segment located at the address specified
 /// by shmaddr from the address space of the calling process

libc/inc/sys/stat.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file stat.h
 /// @brief Stat functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/sys/types.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file types.h
 /// @brief Collection of Kernel datatype
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/sys/unistd.h

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 /// @file unistd.h
 /// @brief Functions used to manage files.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
 
 #include "sys/types.h"
-#include "sys/dirent.h"
 #include "stddef.h"
+#include "sys/dirent.h"
 
 #define STDIN_FILENO  0 ///< Standard input.
 #define STDOUT_FILENO 1 ///< Standard output.
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes);
 /// @param buf    The buffer collecting data to written.
 /// @param nbytes The number of bytes to write.
 /// @return       The number of written bytes.
-ssize_t write(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes);
+ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t nbytes);
 
 /// @brief Opens the file specified by pathname.
 /// @param pathname A pathname for a file.
@@ -54,13 +54,26 @@ off_t lseek(int fd, off_t offset, int whence);
 /// @return
 int unlink(const char *path);
 
+/// @brief Creates a symbolic link.
+/// @param linkname the name of the link.
+/// @param path the entity it is linking to.
+/// @return 0 on success, a negative number if fails and errno is set.
+int symlink(const char *linkname, const char *path);
+
+/// @brief Read the symbolic link, if present.
+/// @param file the file for which we want to read the symbolic link information.
+/// @param buffer the buffer where we will store the symbolic link path.
+/// @param bufsize the size of the buffer.
+/// @return The number of read characters on success, -1 otherwise and errno is set to indicate the error.
+int readlink(const char *path, char *buffer, size_t bufsize);
+
 /// @brief Wrapper for exit system call.
 /// @param status The exit status.
 extern void exit(int status);
 
 /// @brief Returns the process ID (PID) of the calling process.
 /// @return pid_t process identifier.
-extern pid_t getpid();
+extern pid_t getpid(void);
 
 ///@brief  Return session id of the given process.
 ///        If pid == 0 return the SID of the calling process
@@ -78,7 +91,7 @@ extern pid_t getsid(pid_t pid);
 ///       is made the same as its process ID).
 ///@return On success return SID of the session just created
 ///        Otherwise return -1 with errno : EPERM 
-extern pid_t setsid();
+extern pid_t setsid(void);
 
 ///@brief returns the Process Group ID (PGID) of the process specified by pid.
 /// If pid is zero, the process ID of the calling process is used.
@@ -95,7 +108,7 @@ int setpgid(pid_t pid, pid_t pgid);
 
 ///@brief returns the group ID of the calling process.
 ///@return GID of the current process
-extern pid_t getgid();
+extern pid_t getgid(void);
 
 ///@brief sets the effective group ID of the calling process.
 ///@param pid process identifier to 
@@ -105,7 +118,7 @@ extern int setgid(pid_t pid);
 
 ///@brief Returns the User ID of the calling process.
 ///@return User ID of the current process.
-extern uid_t getuid();
+extern uid_t getuid(void);
 
 ///@brief Sets the effective User ID of the calling process.
 ///@param uid the new User ID.
@@ -115,14 +128,14 @@ extern int setuid(uid_t uid);
 
 /// @brief Returns the parent process ID (PPID) of the calling process.
 /// @return pid_t parent process identifier.
-extern pid_t getppid();
+extern pid_t getppid(void);
 
 /// @brief Clone the calling process, but without copying the whole address space.
 ///        The calling process is suspended until the new process exits or is
 ///        replaced by a call to `execve'.
 /// @return Return -1 for errors, 0 to the new process, and the process ID of
 ///         the new process to the old process.
-extern pid_t fork();
+extern pid_t fork(void);
 
 /// @brief Replaces the current process image with a new process image (argument list).
 /// @param path The absolute path to the binary file to execute.
@@ -238,7 +251,7 @@ int fchdir(int fd);
 /// @return On success, the number of bytes read is returned.  On end of
 ///         directory, 0 is returned.  On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set
 ///         appropriately.
-int getdents(int fd, dirent_t *dirp, unsigned int count);
+ssize_t getdents(int fd, dirent_t *dirp, unsigned int count);
 
 /// @brief Send signal to calling thread after desired seconds.
 /// @param seconds the amount of seconds.
@@ -246,4 +259,4 @@ int getdents(int fd, dirent_t *dirp, unsigned int count);
 /// shall return a non-zero value that is the number of seconds until the
 /// previous request would have generated a SIGALRM signal. Otherwise, alarm()
 /// shall return 0.
-int alarm(int seconds);
+unsigned alarm(int seconds);

libc/inc/sys/utsname.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file utsname.h
 /// @brief Functions used to provide information about the machine & OS.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/sys/wait.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file wait.h
 /// @brief Event management functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/system/syscall_types.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file syscall_types.h
 /// @brief System Call numbers.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once
@@ -207,6 +207,17 @@
         return (type)(res);                                \
     } while (0)
 
+// Few things about what follows:
+//
+// 1. The symbol "=", is a a constraint modifier, and it means that the operand
+//    is write-only, meaning that the previous value is discarded and replaced
+//    by output data.
+//
+// 2. Using "0" here specifies that the input is read from a variable which also
+//    serves as an output, the 0-th output variable in this case.
+//
+//
+
 /// @brief Heart of the code that calls a system call with 0 parameters.
 #define __inline_syscall0(res, name) \
     __asm__ __volatile__("int $0x80" \
@@ -214,42 +225,39 @@
                          : "0"(__NR_##name))
 
 /// @brief Heart of the code that calls a system call with 1 parameter.
-#define __inline_syscall1(res, name, arg1)                                    \
+#define __inline_syscall1(res, name, arg1)                                 \
-    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; int $0x80 ; pop %%ebx" \
+    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx; movl %2,%%ebx; int $0x80; pop %%ebx" \
-                         : "=a"(res)                                          \
+                         : "=a"(res)                                       \
-                         : "0"(__NR_##name), "ri"((int)(arg1))                \
+                         : "0"(__NR_##name), "ri"(arg1)                    \
                          : "memory");
 
 /// @brief Heart of the code that calls a system call with 2 parameters.
-#define __inline_syscall2(res, name, arg1, arg2)                                 \
+#define __inline_syscall2(res, name, arg1, arg2)                           \
-    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; int $0x80 ; pop %%ebx"    \
+    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx; movl %2,%%ebx; int $0x80; pop %%ebx" \
-                         : "=a"(res)                                             \
+                         : "=a"(res)                                       \
-                         : "0"(__NR_##name), "ri"((int)(arg1)), "c"((int)(arg2)) \
+                         : "0"(__NR_##name), "ri"(arg1), "c"(arg2)         \
                          : "memory");
 
 /// @brief Heart of the code that calls a system call with 3 parameters.
-#define __inline_syscall3(res, name, arg1, arg2, arg3)                            \
+#define __inline_syscall3(res, name, arg1, arg2, arg3)                        \
-    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; int $0x80 ; pop %%ebx"     \
+    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx; movl %2,%%ebx; int $0x80; pop %%ebx"    \
-                         : "=a"(res)                                              \
+                         : "=a"(res)                                          \
-                         : "0"(__NR_##name), "ri"((int)(arg1)), "c"((int)(arg2)), \
+                         : "0"(__NR_##name), "ri"(arg1), "c"(arg2), "d"(arg3) \
-                           "d"((int)(arg3))                                       \
                          : "memory");
 
 /// @brief Heart of the code that calls a system call with 4 parameters.
-#define __inline_syscall4(res, name, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4)                      \
+#define __inline_syscall4(res, name, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4)                             \
-    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; int $0x80 ; pop %%ebx"     \
+    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx; movl %2,%%ebx; int $0x80; pop %%ebx"               \
-                         : "=a"(res)                                              \
+                         : "=a"(res)                                                     \
-                         : "0"(__NR_##name), "ri"((int)(arg1)), "c"((int)(arg2)), \
+                         : "0"(__NR_##name), "ri"(arg1), "c"(arg2), "d"(arg3), "S"(arg4) \
-                           "d"((int)(arg3)), "S"((int)(arg4))                     \
                          : "memory");
 
 /// @brief Heart of the code that calls a system call with 5 parameters.
-#define __inline_syscall5(res, name, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5)                \
+#define __inline_syscall5(res, name, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5)                                  \
-    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx ; movl %2,%%ebx ; movl %1,%%eax ; "          \
+    __asm__ __volatile__("push %%ebx; movl %2,%%ebx; movl %1,%%eax; "                               \
-                         "int $0x80 ; pop %%ebx"                                  \
+                         "int $0x80; pop %%ebx"                                                     \
-                         : "=a"(res)                                              \
+                         : "=a"(res)                                                                \
-                         : "i"(__NR_##name), "ri"((int)(arg1)), "c"((int)(arg2)), \
+                         : "i"(__NR_##name), "ri"(arg1), "c"(arg2), "d"(arg3), "S"(arg4), "D"(arg5) \
-                           "d"((int)(arg3)), "S"((int)(arg4)), "D"((int)(arg5))   \
                          : "memory");
 
 /// @brief System call with 0 parameters.
@@ -305,3 +313,19 @@
         __inline_syscall5(__res, name, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5);                          \
         __syscall_return(type, __res);                                                         \
     }
+
+/// @brief System call with 5 parameters.
+#define _syscall6(type, name, type1, arg1, type2, arg2, type3, arg3, type4, arg4, type5, arg5, type6, arg6) \
+    type name(type1 arg1, type2 arg2, type3 arg3, type4 arg4, type5 arg5, type6 arg6)                       \
+    {                                                                                                       \
+        long __res;                                                                                         \
+        unsigned args[6] = { 0 };                                                                           \
+        args[0]          = (unsigned)arg1;                                                                  \
+        args[1]          = (unsigned)arg2;                                                                  \
+        args[2]          = (unsigned)arg3;                                                                  \
+        args[3]          = (unsigned)arg4;                                                                  \
+        args[4]          = (unsigned)arg5;                                                                  \
+        args[5]          = (unsigned)arg6;                                                                  \
+        __inline_syscall1(__res, name, args);                                                               \
+        __syscall_return(type, __res);                                                                      \
+    }

libc/inc/termios.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file termios.h
 /// @brief Defines the termios functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/inc/time.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file time.h
 /// @brief Time-related functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #pragma once

libc/src/abort.c

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 /// @file abort.c
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "sys/unistd.h"
-#include "string.h"
 #include "signal.h"
 #include "stdio.h"
+#include "string.h"
 
 /// @brief Since there could be signal handlers listening for the abort, we need
 /// to keep track at which stage of the abort we are.
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ void abort(void)
 
     /* Send signal which possibly calls a user handler.  */
     if (stage == 1) {
-
         // We must allow recursive calls of abort
         int save_stage = stage;
 

libc/src/assert.c

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 /// @file assert.c
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "assert.h"
-#include "stdlib.h"
 #include "stdio.h"
+#include "stdlib.h"
 
 void __assert_fail(const char *assertion, const char *file, const char *function, unsigned int line)
 {

libc/src/ctype.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file ctype.c
 /// @brief Functions related to character handling.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "ctype.h"

libc/src/debug.c

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-/// @file   debug.c
-/// @brief  Debugging primitives.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
-/// See LICENSE.md for details.
-
-#include <debug.h>
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <io/port_io.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/bitops.h>
-#include <math.h>
-
-/// Serial port for QEMU.
-#define SERIAL_COM1 (0x03F8)
-
-#define FG_RESET "\033[0m" ///< ANSI code for resetting.
-
-void dbg_putchar(char c)
-{
-    outportb(SERIAL_COM1, (uint8_t)c);
-}
-
-void dbg_puts(const char *s)
-{
-    while ((*s) != 0)
-        dbg_putchar(*s++);
-}
-
-static inline void __debug_print_header(const char *file, const char *fun, int line)
-{
-    static char tmp_prefix[BUFSIZ], final_prefix[BUFSIZ];
-    dbg_puts(FG_RESET);
-    dbg_puts("[ LB |");
-    sprintf(tmp_prefix, "%s:%d", file, line);
-    sprintf(final_prefix, " %-20s ", tmp_prefix);
-    dbg_puts(final_prefix);
-#if 0
-    dbg_putchar('|');
-    sprintf(final_prefix, " %-25s ]", fun);
-    dbg_puts(final_prefix);
-#else
-    dbg_putchar(']');
-#endif
-}
-
-void dbg_printf(const char *file, const char *fun, int line, const char *format, ...)
-{
-    // Define a buffer for the formatted string.
-    static char formatted[BUFSIZ];
-    static short new_line = 1;
-
-    // Stage 1: FORMAT
-    if (strlen(format) >= BUFSIZ)
-        return;
-
-    // Start variabile argument's list.
-    va_list ap;
-    va_start(ap, format);
-    // Format the message.
-    vsprintf(formatted, format, ap);
-    // End the list of arguments.
-    va_end(ap);
-
-    // Stage 2: SEND
-    if (new_line) {
-        __debug_print_header(file, fun, line);
-        new_line = 0;
-    }
-    for (size_t it = 0; (formatted[it] != 0) && (it < BUFSIZ); ++it) {
-        dbg_putchar(formatted[it]);
-        if (formatted[it] != '\n') {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if ((it + 1) >= BUFSIZ) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (formatted[it + 1] == 0) {
-            new_line = 1;
-        } else {
-            __debug_print_header(file, fun, line);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-const char *to_human_size(unsigned long bytes)
-{
-    static char output[200];
-    const char *suffix[] = { "B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB" };
-    char length          = sizeof(suffix) / sizeof(suffix[0]);
-    int i                = 0;
-    double dblBytes      = bytes;
-    if (bytes > 1024) {
-        for (i = 0; (bytes / 1024) > 0 && i < length - 1; i++, bytes /= 1024)
-            dblBytes = bytes / 1024.0;
-    }
-    sprintf(output, "%.03lf %2s", dblBytes, suffix[i]);
-    return output;
-}
-
-const char *dec_to_binary(unsigned long value, unsigned length)
-{
-    static char buffer[33];
-    for (int i = 0, j = 32 - min(max(0, length), 32); j < 32; ++i, ++j)
-        buffer[i] = bit_check(value, 31 - j) ? '1' : '0';
-    return buffer;
-}

libc/src/fcvt.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file fcvt.c
 /// @brief Define the functions required to turn double values into a string.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "fcvt.h"
@@ -83,8 +83,9 @@ static void cvt(double arg, int ndigits, int *decpt, int *sign, char *buf, unsig
             *p1 = '1';
             (*decpt)++;
             if (eflag == 0) {
-                if (p > buf)
+                if (p > buf) {
                     *p = '0';
+                }
                 p++;
             }
         }

libc/src/grp.c

@@ -1,59 +1,72 @@
 /// @file grp.c
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "grp.h"
-#include "sys/unistd.h"
-#include "sys/errno.h"
 #include "assert.h"
-#include "string.h"
-#include "stdio.h"
-#include "debug.h"
 #include "fcntl.h"
+#include "io/debug.h"
+#include "stdio.h"
+#include "string.h"
+#include "sys/errno.h"
+#include "sys/unistd.h"
 
+/// Holds the file descriptor while we are working with `/etc/group`.
 static int __fd = -1;
 
 /// @brief It parses the line (as string) and saves its content inside the
 /// group_t structure.
 /// @param grp the struct where we store the information.
-/// @param buf the buffer from which we extract the information.
+/// @param buf the line from which we extract the information.
 static inline void __parse_line(group_t *grp, char *buf)
 {
     assert(grp && "Received null grp!");
     char *token;
     // Parse the group name.
-    if ((token = strtok(buf, ":")) != NULL)
+    token = strtok(buf, ":");
+    if (token != NULL) {
         grp->gr_name = token;
+    }
     // Parse the group passwd.
-    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL)
+    token = strtok(NULL, ":");
+    if (token != NULL) {
         grp->gr_passwd = token;
+    }
     // Parse the group id.
-    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL)
+    token = strtok(NULL, ":");
+    if (token != NULL) {
         grp->gr_gid = atoi(token);
-
+    }
     size_t found_users = 0;
     while ((token = strtok(NULL, ",\n\0")) != NULL && found_users < MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP) {
         grp->gr_mem[found_users] = token;
         found_users += 1;
     }
-
     // Null terminate array
     grp->gr_mem[found_users] = "\0";
 }
 
-static inline char *__search_entry(int fd, char *buf, int buflen, const char *name, gid_t gid)
+/// @brief Searches an entry in `/etc/group`.
+/// @param fd the file descriptor pointing to `/etc/group`.
+/// @param buf the buffer we are going to use to search the entry.
+/// @param buflen the length of the buffer.
+/// @param name the name we are looking for.
+/// @param gid the group id we must match.
+/// @return 1 on success, 0 on failure.
+static inline int __search_entry(int fd, char *buf, size_t buflen, const char *name, gid_t gid)
 {
     int ret;
     char c;
     int pos = 0;
     while ((ret = read(fd, &c, 1U))) {
         // Skip carriage return.
-        if (c == '\r')
+        if (c == '\r') {
             continue;
+        }
         if (pos >= buflen) {
             errno = ERANGE;
-            return NULL;
+            return 0;
         }
         // If we have found a newline or the EOF, parse the entry.
         if ((c == '\n') || (ret == EOF)) {
@@ -61,8 +74,9 @@ static inline char *__search_entry(int fd, char *buf, int buflen, const char *na
             buf[pos] = 0;
             // Check the entry.
             if (name) {
-                if (strncmp(buf, name, strlen(name)) == 0)
+                if (strncmp(buf, name, strlen(name)) == 0) {
-                    return buf;
+                    return 1;
+                }
             } else {
                 int gid_start = -1, col_count = 0;
                 for (int i = 0; i < pos; ++i) {
@@ -77,21 +91,23 @@ static inline char *__search_entry(int fd, char *buf, int buflen, const char *na
                     // Parse the gid.
                     int found_gid = atoi(&buf[gid_start]);
                     // Check the gid.
-                    if (found_gid == gid)
+                    if (found_gid == gid) {
-                        return buf;
+                        return 1;
+                    }
                 }
             }
             // Reset the index.
             pos = 0;
             // If we have reached the EOF stop.
-            if (ret == EOF)
+            if (ret == EOF) {
                 break;
+            }
         } else {
             buf[pos++] = c;
         }
     }
     errno = ENOENT;
-    return NULL;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 group_t *getgrgid(gid_t gid)
@@ -100,23 +116,26 @@ group_t *getgrgid(gid_t gid)
     static char buffer[BUFSIZ];
 
     group_t *result;
-    if (!getgrgid_r(gid, &grp, buffer, BUFSIZ, &result))
+    if (!getgrgid_r(gid, &grp, buffer, BUFSIZ, &result)) {
         return NULL;
+    }
 
     return &grp;
 }
 
 group_t *getgrnam(const char *name)
 {
-    if (name == NULL)
+    if (name == NULL) {
         return NULL;
+    }
 
     static group_t grp;
     static char buffer[BUFSIZ];
 
     group_t *result;
-    if (!getgrnam_r(name, &grp, buffer, BUFSIZ, &result))
+    if (!getgrnam_r(name, &grp, buffer, BUFSIZ, &result)) {
         return NULL;
+    }
 
     return &grp;
 }
@@ -130,12 +149,11 @@ int getgrgid_r(gid_t gid, group_t *group, char *buf, size_t buflen, group_t **re
         return 0;
     }
 
-    char *entry = __search_entry(fd, buf, buflen, NULL, gid);
+    if (__search_entry(fd, buf, buflen, NULL, gid)) {
-    if (entry != NULL) {
         // Close the file.
         close(fd);
         // Parse the line.
-        __parse_line(group, entry);
+        __parse_line(group, buf);
         // Return success.
         return 1;
     }
@@ -155,12 +173,11 @@ int getgrnam_r(const char *name, group_t *group, char *buf, size_t buflen, group
         return 0;
     }
 
-    char *entry = __search_entry(fd, buf, buflen, name, 0);
+    if (__search_entry(fd, buf, buflen, name, 0)) {
-    if (entry != NULL) {
         // Close the file.
         close(fd);
         // Parse the line.
-        __parse_line(group, entry);
+        __parse_line(group, buf);
         // Return success.
         return 1;
     }
@@ -191,8 +208,9 @@ group_t *getgrent(void)
     static char buffer[BUFSIZ];
     while ((ret = read(__fd, &c, 1U))) {
         // Skip carriage return.
-        if (c == '\r')
+        if (c == '\r') {
             continue;
+        }
 
         if (pos >= BUFSIZ) {
             errno = ERANGE;
@@ -212,8 +230,9 @@ group_t *getgrent(void)
             }
 
             // If we have reached the EOF stop.
-            if (ret == EOF)
+            if (ret == EOF) {
                 break;
+            }
 
         } else {
             buffer[pos++] = c;

libc/src/io/debug.c

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/// @file   debug.c
+/// @brief  Debugging primitives.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// See LICENSE.md for details.
+
+#include "io/debug.h"
+#include "io/ansi_colors.h"
+#include "io/port_io.h"
+#include "math.h"
+#include "stdio.h"
+#include "string.h"
+#include "sys/bitops.h"
+
+/// Serial port for QEMU.
+#define SERIAL_COM1 (0x03F8)
+/// Determines the log level.
+static int max_log_level = LOGLEVEL_DEBUG;
+
+void dbg_putchar(char c)
+{
+    outportb(SERIAL_COM1, (unsigned char)c);
+}
+
+void dbg_puts(const char *s)
+{
+    while ((*s) != 0) {
+        dbg_putchar(*s++);
+    }
+}
+
+static inline void __debug_print_header(const char *file, const char *fun, int line, short log_level, char *header)
+{
+    // "EMERG  ", "ALERT  ", "CRIT   ", "ERR    ", "WARNING", "NOTICE ", "INFO   ", "DEBUG  ", "DEFAULT",
+    static const char *log_level_label[] = { " EM ", " AL ", " CR ", " ER ", " WR ", " NT ", " IN ", " DB ", " DF " };
+    static const char *log_level_color[] = {
+        FG_RED_BRIGHT,    // "EMERG  "
+        FG_RED_BRIGHT,    // "ALERT  "
+        FG_RED,           // "CRIT   "
+        FG_RED,           // "ERR    "
+        FG_YELLOW_BRIGHT, // "WARNING"
+        FG_RESET,         // "NOTICE "
+        FG_CYAN,          // "INFO   "
+        FG_YELLOW,        // "DEBUG  "
+        FG_RESET          // "DEFAULT"
+    };
+    static char tmp_prefix[BUFSIZ], final_prefix[BUFSIZ];
+    // Check the log level.
+    if ((log_level < LOGLEVEL_EMERG) || (log_level > LOGLEVEL_DEBUG)) {
+        // Set it to default.
+        log_level = 8;
+    }
+    // Set the color.
+    dbg_puts(log_level_color[log_level]);
+    dbg_putchar('[');
+    // Set the label.
+    dbg_puts(log_level_label[log_level]);
+    dbg_putchar('|');
+    // Print the file and line.
+    sprintf(tmp_prefix, "%s:%d", file, line);
+    // Print the message.
+    sprintf(final_prefix, " %-20s ", tmp_prefix);
+    // Print the actual message.
+    dbg_puts(final_prefix);
+#if 0
+    dbg_putchar('|');
+    sprintf(final_prefix, " %-25s ]", fun);
+    dbg_puts(final_prefix);
+#else
+    dbg_putchar(']');
+#endif
+    dbg_putchar(' ');
+    if (header) {
+        dbg_puts(header);
+        dbg_putchar(' ');
+    }
+}
+
+void set_log_level(int level)
+{
+    if ((level >= LOGLEVEL_EMERG) && (level <= LOGLEVEL_DEBUG)) {
+        max_log_level = level;
+    }
+}
+
+int get_log_level(void)
+{
+    return max_log_level;
+}
+
+void dbg_printf(const char *file, const char *fun, int line, char *header, short log_level, const char *format, ...)
+{
+    // Define a buffer for the formatted string.
+    static char formatted[BUFSIZ];
+    static short new_line = 1;
+
+    // Stage 1: FORMAT
+    if (strlen(format) >= BUFSIZ) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Start variabile argument's list.
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, format);
+    // Format the message.
+    vsprintf(formatted, format, ap);
+    // End the list of arguments.
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    // Stage 2: SEND
+    if (new_line) {
+        __debug_print_header(file, fun, line, log_level, header);
+        new_line = 0;
+    }
+    for (int it = 0; (formatted[it] != 0) && (it < BUFSIZ); ++it) {
+        dbg_putchar(formatted[it]);
+        if (formatted[it] != '\n') {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if ((it + 1) >= BUFSIZ) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (formatted[it + 1] == 0) {
+            new_line = 1;
+        } else {
+            __debug_print_header(file, fun, line, log_level, header);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+const char *to_human_size(unsigned long bytes)
+{
+    static char output[200];
+    const char *suffix[] = { "B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB" };
+    char length          = sizeof(suffix) / sizeof(suffix[0]);
+    int i                = 0;
+    double dblBytes      = bytes;
+    if (bytes > 1024) {
+        for (i = 0; (bytes / 1024) > 0 && i < length - 1; i++, bytes /= 1024) {
+            dblBytes = bytes / 1024.0;
+        }
+    }
+    sprintf(output, "%.02lf %2s", dblBytes, suffix[i]);
+    return output;
+}
+
+const char *dec_to_binary(unsigned long value, unsigned length)
+{
+    static char buffer[33];
+    // Adjust the length.
+    length = min(max(0, length), 32U);
+    // Build the binary.
+    for (unsigned i = 0, j = 32U - length; j < 32U; ++i, ++j) {
+        buffer[i] = bit_check(value, 31 - j) ? '1' : '0';
+    }
+    // Close the string.
+    buffer[length] = 0;
+    return buffer;
+}
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+
+#include "kernel.h"
+
+void dbg_print_regs(pt_regs *frame)
+{
+    pr_debug("Interrupt stack frame:\n");
+    pr_debug("GS     = 0x%-04x\n", frame->gs);
+    pr_debug("FS     = 0x%-04x\n", frame->fs);
+    pr_debug("ES     = 0x%-04x\n", frame->es);
+    pr_debug("DS     = 0x%-04x\n", frame->ds);
+    pr_debug("EDI    = 0x%-09x\n", frame->edi);
+    pr_debug("ESI    = 0x%-09x\n", frame->esi);
+    pr_debug("EBP    = 0x%-09x\n", frame->ebp);
+    pr_debug("ESP    = 0x%-09x\n", frame->esp);
+    pr_debug("EBX    = 0x%-09x\n", frame->ebx);
+    pr_debug("EDX    = 0x%-09x\n", frame->edx);
+    pr_debug("ECX    = 0x%-09x\n", frame->ecx);
+    pr_debug("EAX    = 0x%-09x\n", frame->eax);
+    pr_debug("INT_NO = %-9d\n", frame->int_no);
+    pr_debug("ERR_CD = %-9d\n", frame->err_code);
+    pr_debug("EIP    = 0x%-09x\n", frame->eip);
+    pr_debug("CS     = 0x%-04x\n", frame->cs);
+    pr_debug("EFLAGS = 0x%-09x\n", frame->eflags);
+    pr_debug("UESP   = 0x%-09x\n", frame->useresp);
+    pr_debug("SS     = 0x%-04x\n", frame->ss);
+}
+
+#endif

libc/src/io/mm_io.c

@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
 /// @file mm_io.c
 /// @brief Memory Mapped IO functions implementation.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "io/mm_io.h"
 
-uint8_t in_memb(uint32_t addr)
+inline uint8_t in_memb(uint32_t addr)
 {
     return *((uint8_t *) (addr));
 }
 
-uint16_t in_mems(uint32_t addr)
+inline uint16_t in_mems(uint32_t addr)
 {
     return *((uint16_t *) (addr));
 }
 
-uint32_t in_meml(uint32_t addr)
+inline uint32_t in_meml(uint32_t addr)
 {
     return *((uint32_t *) (addr));
 }
 
-void out_memb(uint32_t addr, uint8_t value)
+inline void out_memb(uint32_t addr, uint8_t value)
 {
     (*((uint8_t *) (addr))) = (value);
 }
 
-void out_mems(uint32_t addr, uint16_t value)
+inline void out_mems(uint32_t addr, uint16_t value)
 {
     (*((uint16_t *) (addr))) = (value);
 }
 
-void out_meml(uint32_t addr, uint32_t value)
+inline void out_meml(uint32_t addr, uint32_t value)
 {
     (*((uint32_t *) (addr))) = (value);
 }

libc/src/io/port_io.c

@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-/// @file port_io.c
-/// @brief Byte I/O on ports prototypes.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
-/// See LICENSE.md for details.
-
-#include "io/port_io.h"
-
-inline uint8_t inportb(uint16_t port)
-{
-    unsigned char data = 0;
-    __asm__ __volatile__("inb %%dx, %%al" : "=a"(data) : "d"(port));
-
-    return data;
-}
-
-inline uint16_t inports(uint16_t port)
-{
-    uint16_t rv;
-    __asm__ __volatile__("inw %1, %0" : "=a"(rv) : "dN"(port));
-
-    return rv;
-}
-
-void inportsm(uint16_t port, uint8_t *data, unsigned long size)
-{
-    __asm__ __volatile__("rep insw"
-                         : "+D"(data), "+c"(size)
-                         : "d"(port)
-                         : "memory");
-}
-
-inline uint32_t inportl(uint16_t port)
-{
-    uint32_t rv;
-    __asm__ __volatile__("inl %%dx, %%eax" : "=a"(rv) : "dN"(port));
-    return rv;
-}
-
-inline void outportb(uint16_t port, uint8_t data)
-{
-    __asm__ __volatile__("outb %%al, %%dx" ::"a"(data), "d"(port));
-}
-
-inline void outports(uint16_t port, uint16_t data)
-{
-    __asm__ __volatile__("outw %1, %0" : : "dN"(port), "a"(data));
-}
-
-void outportsm(uint16_t port, uint8_t *data, uint16_t size)
-{
-    __asm__ __volatile__("rep outsw" : "+S"(data), "+c"(size) : "d"(port));
-}
-
-inline void outportl(uint16_t port, uint32_t data)
-{
-    __asm__ __volatile__("outl %%eax, %%dx" : : "dN"(port), "a"(data));
-}

libc/src/ipc/ipc.c

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-/// @file ipc.c
-/// @brief Inter-Process Communication (IPC) system call implementation.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
-/// See LICENSE.md for details.
-
-#include "sys/unistd.h"
-#include "system/syscall_types.h"
-#include "sys/errno.h"
-#include "stddef.h"
-#include "ipc/sem.h"
-#include "ipc/shm.h"
-#include "ipc/msg.h"
-
-_syscall3(void *, shmat, int, shmid, const void *, shmaddr, int, shmflg)
-
-_syscall3(long, shmget, key_t, key, size_t, size, int, flag)
-
-_syscall1(long, shmdt, const void *, shmaddr)
-
-_syscall3(long, shmctl, int, shmid, int, cmd, struct shmid_ds *, buf)
-
-_syscall3(long, semget, key_t, key, int, nsems, int, semflg)
-
-_syscall3(long, semop, int, semid, struct sembuf *, sops, unsigned, nsops)
-
-_syscall4(long, semctl, int, semid, int, semnum, int, cmd, unsigned long, arg)
-
-_syscall2(long, msgget, key_t, key, int, msgflg)
-
-_syscall4(long, msgsnd, int, msqid, struct msgbuf *, msgp, size_t, msgsz, int, msgflg)
-
-_syscall5(long, msgrcv, int, msqid, struct msgbuf *, msgp, size_t, msgsz, long, msgtyp, int, msgflg)
-
-_syscall3(long, msgctl, int, msqid, int, cmd, struct msqid_ds *, buf)
-

libc/src/libc_start.c

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 /// @file libc_start.c
 /// @brief Contains the programs initialization procedure.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "sys/unistd.h"
+#include "assert.h"
 #include "stdlib.h"
 #include "string.h"
-#include "assert.h"
-#include "system/syscall_types.h"
 #include "sys/errno.h"
+#include "system/syscall_types.h"
 
 /// @brief Reference to the `environ` variable in `setenv.c`.
 extern char **environ;

libc/src/libgen.c

@@ -1,85 +1,64 @@
 /// @file libgen.c
 /// @brief String routines.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
+#include "libgen.h"
+#include "io/debug.h"
+#include "limits.h"
+#include "string.h"
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/unistd.h>
-#include "libgen.h"
-#include "string.h"
-#include "limits.h"
 
-int parse_path(char *out, char **cur, char sep, size_t max)
+int dirname(const char *path, char *buffer, size_t buflen)
 {
-    if (**cur == '\0') {
+    if ((path == NULL) || (buffer == NULL) || (buflen == 0)) {
         return 0;
     }
-
+    // Search for the last slash.
-    *out++ = **cur;
+    const char *last_slash = NULL;
-    ++*cur;
+    for (const char *it = path; *it; it++) {
-    --max;
+        if ((*it) == '/') {
-
+            last_slash = it;
-    while ((max > 0) && (**cur != '\0') && (**cur != sep)) {
+        }
-        *out++ = **cur;
+    }
-        ++*cur;
+    // If we were able to find a slash, and the slash is not in the first
-        --max;
+    // position, copy the substring.
+    if (last_slash) {
+        // Get the length of the substring, if the last slash is at the beginning,
+        // add 1.
+        size_t dirlen = last_slash - path + (last_slash == path);
+        // Check if the path will fit inside the buffer.
+        if (dirlen >= buflen) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        // Copy the substring.
+        strncpy(buffer, path, dirlen);
+        // Close the buffer.
+        buffer[dirlen] = 0;
+    } else {
+        strcpy(buffer, ".");
     }
-
-    *out = '\0';
-
     return 1;
 }
 
-char *dirname(const char *path)
+const char *basename(const char *path)
 {
-    static char s[PATH_MAX];
+    // Search for the last slash.
-
+    const char *last_slash = NULL;
-    static char dot[2] = ".";
+    for (const char *it = path; *it; it++) {
-
+        if ((*it) == '/') {
-    // Check the input path.
+            last_slash = it;
-    if (path == NULL) {
+        }
-        return dot;
     }
-
+    return last_slash ? last_slash + 1 : path;
-    // Copy the path to the support string.
-    strcpy(s, path);
-
-    // Get the last occurrence of '/'.
-    char *last_slash = strrchr(s, '/');
-
-    if (last_slash == s) {
-        // If the slash is acutally the first character of the string, move the
-        // pointer to the last slash after it.
-        ++last_slash;
-    } else if ((last_slash != NULL) && (last_slash[1] == '\0')) {
-        // If the slash is the last character, we need to search before it.
-        last_slash = memchr(s, '/', last_slash - s);
-    }
-
-    if (last_slash != NULL) {
-        // If we have found it, close the string.
-        last_slash[0] = '\0';
-    } else {
-        // Otherwise, return '.'.
-        return dot;
-    }
-
-    return s;
 }
 
-char *basename(const char *path)
+char *realpath(const char *path, char *buffer, size_t buflen)
-{
-    char *p = strrchr(path, '/');
-
-    return p ? p + 1 : (char *)path;
-}
-
-char *realpath(const char *path, char *resolved)
 {
     assert(path && "Provided null path.");
-    if (resolved == NULL)
+    assert(buffer && "Provided null buffer.");
-        resolved = malloc(sizeof(char) * PATH_MAX);
     char abspath[PATH_MAX];
     // Initialize the absolute path.
     memset(abspath, '\0', PATH_MAX);
@@ -119,22 +98,27 @@ char *realpath(const char *path, char *resolved)
         // Go to previous directory if /../ is found
         else if (!strncmp("/../", abspath + absidx, 4)) {
             // Go to a valid path character (pathidx points to the next one)
-            if (pathidx)
+            if (pathidx) {
                 pathidx--;
-            while (pathidx && resolved[pathidx] != '/') {
+            }
+            while (pathidx && buffer[pathidx] != '/') {
                 pathidx--;
             }
             absidx += 3;
         } else if (!strncmp("/./", abspath + absidx, 3)) {
             absidx += 2;
         } else {
-            resolved[pathidx++] = abspath[absidx++];
+            if ((pathidx + 1) >= buflen) {
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            buffer[pathidx++] = abspath[absidx++];
         }
     }
     // Remove the last /
-    if (pathidx > 1)
+    if (pathidx > 1) {
-        resolved[pathidx - 1] = '\0';
+        buffer[pathidx - 1] = '\0';
-    else
+    } else {
-        resolved[1] = '\0';
+        buffer[1] = '\0';
-    return resolved;
+    }
+    return buffer;
 }

libc/src/math.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file math.c
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "math.h"
@@ -18,26 +18,30 @@ double round(double x)
 double floor(double x)
 {
     if (x > -1.0 && x < 1.0) {
-        if (x >= 0)
+        if (x >= 0) {
             return 0.0;
+        }
         return -1.0;
     }
     int i = (int)x;
-    if (x < 0)
+    if (x < 0) {
         return (double)(i - 1);
+    }
     return (double)i;
 }
 
 double ceil(double x)
 {
     if (x > -1.0 && x < 1.0) {
-        if (x <= 0)
+        if (x <= 0) {
             return 0.0;
+        }
         return 1.0;
     }
     int i = (int)x;
-    if (x > 0)
+    if (x > 0) {
         return (double)(i + 1);
+    }
     return (double)i;
 }
 
@@ -145,8 +149,9 @@ double ln(double x)
 double logx(double x, double y)
 {
     // Base may not equal 1 or be negative.
-    if (y == 1.f || y < 0.f || ln(y) == 0.f)
+    if (y == 1.f || y < 0.f || ln(y) == 0.f) {
         return 0.f;
+    }
     return ln(x) / ln(y);
 }
 

libc/src/pwd.c

@@ -1,84 +1,61 @@
 /// @file pwd.c
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "pwd.h"
-#include "sys/unistd.h"
-#include "sys/errno.h"
 #include "assert.h"
-#include "string.h"
-#include "stdio.h"
 #include "fcntl.h"
-#include "debug.h"
+#include "io/debug.h"
+#include "readline.h"
+#include "stdio.h"
+#include "string.h"
+#include "sys/errno.h"
+#include "sys/unistd.h"
 
+/// @brief Parses the input buffer and fills pwd with its details.
+/// @param pwd the structure we need to fill.
+/// @param buf the buffer from which we extract the information.
 static inline void __parse_line(passwd_t *pwd, char *buf)
 {
     assert(pwd && "Received null pwd!");
     char *token, *ch;
     // Parse the username.
-    if ((token = strtok(buf, ":")) != NULL)
+    if ((token = strtok(buf, ":")) != NULL) {
         pwd->pw_name = token;
+    }
     // Parse the password.
-    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL)
+    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL) {
         pwd->pw_passwd = token;
+    }
     // Parse the user ID.
-    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL)
+    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL) {
         pwd->pw_uid = atoi(token);
+    }
     // Parse the group ID.
-    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL)
+    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL) {
         pwd->pw_gid = atoi(token);
+    }
     // Parse the user information.
-    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL)
+    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL) {
         pwd->pw_gecos = token;
+    }
     // Parse the dir.
-    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL)
+    if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL) {
         pwd->pw_dir = token;
+    }
     // Parse the shell.
     if ((token = strtok(NULL, ":")) != NULL) {
         pwd->pw_shell = token;
         // Find carriege return.
-        if ((ch = strchr(pwd->pw_shell, '\r')))
+        if ((ch = strchr(pwd->pw_shell, '\r'))) {
             *ch = 0;
+        }
         // Find newline.
-        if ((ch = strchr(pwd->pw_shell, '\n')))
+        if ((ch = strchr(pwd->pw_shell, '\n'))) {
             *ch = 0;
-    }
-}
-
-/// @brief Reads a line from the file.
-/// @param fd the file descriptor.
-/// @param buffer the buffer where we place the line.
-/// @param buflen the length of the buffer.
-/// @return the amount we read.
-ssize_t __readline(int fd, char *buffer, size_t buflen)
-{
-    memset(buffer, 0, buflen);
-    long num_read = read(fd, buffer, buflen);
-    if (num_read == 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    char *newline = strchr(buffer, '\n');
-    if (newline == NULL) {
-        newline = strchr(buffer, EOF);
-        if (newline == NULL) {
-            newline = strchr(buffer, 0);
-            if (newline == NULL) {
-                return 0;
-            }
         }
     }
-    long newline_len = (int)(newline - buffer);
-    if (newline_len <= 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    buffer[newline_len] = 0;
-    long rollback       = newline_len - num_read + 1;
-    if (rollback > 1) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    lseek(fd, rollback, SEEK_CUR);
-    return newline_len;
 }
 
 /// @brief Searches for the given entry inside the buffer.
@@ -90,7 +67,7 @@ ssize_t __readline(int fd, char *buffer, size_t buflen)
 /// @return the buffer itself if we have found the entry, NULL otherwise.
 static inline char *__search_entry(int fd, char *buffer, int buflen, const char *name, uid_t uid)
 {
-    while (__readline(fd, buffer, buflen)) {
+    while (readline(fd, buffer, buflen, NULL) != 0) {
         if (name != NULL) {
             char *name_end = strchr(buffer, ':');
             if (name_end) {
@@ -103,17 +80,20 @@ static inline char *__search_entry(int fd, char *buffer, int buflen, const char
         } else {
             // Name
             char *ptr = strchr(buffer, ':');
-            if (ptr == NULL)
+            if (ptr == NULL) {
                 continue;
+            }
             // Password
             ++ptr;
             char *uid_start = strchr(ptr, ':');
-            if (uid_start == NULL)
+            if (uid_start == NULL) {
                 continue;
+            }
             ++uid_start;
             ptr = strchr(uid_start, ':');
-            if (ptr == NULL)
+            if (ptr == NULL) {
                 continue;
+            }
             *ptr = '\0';
             // Parse the uid.
             int found_uid = atoi(uid_start);
@@ -129,13 +109,15 @@ static inline char *__search_entry(int fd, char *buffer, int buflen, const char
 
 passwd_t *getpwnam(const char *name)
 {
-    if (name == NULL)
+    if (name == NULL) {
         return NULL;
+    }
     static passwd_t pwd;
     static char buffer[BUFSIZ];
     passwd_t *result;
-    if (!getpwnam_r(name, &pwd, buffer, BUFSIZ, &result))
+    if (!getpwnam_r(name, &pwd, buffer, BUFSIZ, &result)) {
         return NULL;
+    }
     return &pwd;
 }
 
@@ -144,15 +126,17 @@ passwd_t *getpwuid(uid_t uid)
     static passwd_t pwd;
     static char buffer[BUFSIZ];
     passwd_t *result;
-    if (!getpwuid_r(uid, &pwd, buffer, BUFSIZ, &result))
+    if (!getpwuid_r(uid, &pwd, buffer, BUFSIZ, &result)) {
         return NULL;
+    }
     return &pwd;
 }
 
 int getpwnam_r(const char *name, passwd_t *pwd, char *buf, size_t buflen, passwd_t **result)
 {
-    if (name == NULL)
+    if (name == NULL) {
         return 0;
+    }
     int fd = open("/etc/passwd", O_RDONLY, 0);
     if (fd == -1) {
         pr_debug("Cannot open `/etc/passwd`\n");

libc/src/readline.c

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/// @file readline.c
+/// @author Enrico Fraccaroli (enry.frak@gmail.com)
+/// @brief
+/// @version 0.1
+/// @date 2023-08-30
+///
+/// @copyright Copyright (c) 2023
+///
+
+#include "readline.h"
+
+#include "stdio.h"
+#include "string.h"
+#include "sys/unistd.h"
+
+int readline(int fd, char *buffer, size_t buflen, ssize_t *read_len)
+{
+    ssize_t length, rollback, num_read;
+    memset(buffer, 0, buflen);
+    unsigned char found_newline = 1;
+    // Read from the file.
+    num_read = read(fd, buffer, buflen);
+    if (num_read == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    // Search for termination character.
+    char *newline = strchr(buffer, '\n');
+    if (newline == NULL) {
+        found_newline = 0;
+        newline       = strchr(buffer, EOF);
+        if (newline == NULL) {
+            newline = strchr(buffer, 0);
+            if (newline == NULL) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    // Compute the length of the string.
+    length = (newline - buffer);
+    if (length <= 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    // Close the string.
+    buffer[length] = 0;
+    // Compute how much we need to rollback.
+    rollback = length - num_read + 1;
+    if (rollback > 1) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    // Rollback the reading position in the file.
+    lseek(fd, rollback, SEEK_CUR);
+    // Set how much we were able to read from the file.
+    if (read_len) {
+        *read_len = length;
+    }
+    return (found_newline) ? 1 : -1;
+}

libc/src/sched.c

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 /// @file sched.c
 /// @brief Function for managing scheduler.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "system/syscall_types.h"
-#include "sys/errno.h"
 #include "sched.h"
+#include "sys/errno.h"
 
 _syscall2(int, sched_setparam, pid_t, pid, const sched_param_t *, param)
 

libc/src/setenv.c

@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 /// @file setenv.c
 /// @brief Defines the functions used to manipulate the environmental variables.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
-#include <assert.h>
 #include "sys/errno.h"
-#include "string.h"
 #include "stdlib.h"
+#include "string.h"
+#include <assert.h>
 
 char **environ;
 
-static char **__environ      = NULL;
+/// @brief Global environ list.
+static char **__environ = NULL;
+/// @brief Size of the global environ list.
 static size_t __environ_size = 0;
 
 /// @brief Finds the entry in the environ.
@@ -21,15 +23,17 @@ static inline int __find_entry(const char *name, const size_t name_len)
 {
     if (environ) {
         int index = 0;
-        for (char **ptr = environ; *ptr; ++ptr, ++index)
+        for (char **ptr = environ; *ptr; ++ptr, ++index) {
-            if (!strncmp((*ptr), name, name_len) && (*ptr)[name_len] == '=')
+            if (!strncmp((*ptr), name, name_len) && (*ptr)[name_len] == '=') {
                 return index;
+            }
+        }
     }
     return -1;
 }
 
 /// @brief Makes a clone of the current environ.
-static void __clone_environ()
+static void __clone_environ(void)
 {
     if (environ) {
         // Count the number of variables.
@@ -96,8 +100,9 @@ int setenv(const char *name, const char *value, int replace)
         environ = __environ = new_environ;
     }
     // Free the previous entry.
-    if (environ[index])
+    if (environ[index]) {
         free(environ[index]);
+    }
     // Allocate the new entry.
     environ[index] = malloc(total_len);
     // Memcopy because we do not want the null terminating character.
@@ -127,8 +132,9 @@ int unsetenv(const char *name)
         if (!strncmp(*ep, name, len) && (*ep)[len] == '=') {
             /* Found it.  Remove this pointer by moving later ones back.  */
             char **dp = ep;
-            do dp[0] = dp[1];
+            do {
-            while (*dp++);
+                dp[0] = dp[1];
+            } while (*dp++);
             /* Continue the loop in case NAME appears again.  */
         } else {
             ++ep;

libc/src/stdio.c

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 /// @file stdio.c
 /// @brief Standard I/0 functions.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
-#include <sys/errno.h>
+#include "sys/errno.h"
-#include "stdio.h"
 #include "ctype.h"
-#include "string.h"
 #include "stdbool.h"
+#include "stdio.h"
+#include "strerror.h"
+#include "string.h"
 #include "sys/unistd.h"
 
 void putchar(int character)
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ void putchar(int character)
     write(STDOUT_FILENO, &character, 1);
 }
 
-void puts(char *str)
+void puts(const char *str)
 {
     write(STDOUT_FILENO, str, strlen(str));
 }
@@ -23,17 +24,18 @@ void puts(char *str)
 int getchar(void)
 {
     char c;
-    while (read(STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1) == 0)
+    while (read(STDIN_FILENO, &c, 1) == 0) {
         continue;
-
+    }
     return c;
 }
 
 char *gets(char *str)
 {
     // Check the input string.
-    if (str == NULL)
+    if (str == NULL) {
         return NULL;
+    }
     // Buffer for reading input.
     char buffer[GETS_BUFFERSIZE];
     memset(buffer, '\0', GETS_BUFFERSIZE);
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ char *gets(char *str)
             }
         } else {
             // The character is stored at address, and the pointer is incremented.
-            *cptr++ = ch;
+            *cptr++ = (char)ch;
         }
     }
     // Add the null-terminating character.
@@ -74,13 +76,15 @@ char *gets(char *str)
 int atoi(const char *str)
 {
     // Check the input string.
-    if (str == NULL)
+    if (str == NULL) {
         return 0;
+    }
     // Initialize sign, the result variable, and two indices.
     int sign = (str[0] == '-') ? -1 : +1, result = 0, i;
     // Find where the number ends.
-    for (i = (sign == -1) ? 1 : 0; (str[i] != '\0') && isdigit(str[i]); ++i)
+    for (i = (sign == -1) ? 1 : 0; (str[i] != '\0') && isdigit(str[i]); ++i) {
         result = (result * 10) + str[i] - '0';
+    }
     return sign * result;
 }
 
@@ -90,48 +94,46 @@ long strtol(const char *str, char **endptr, int base)
     long acc, cutoff;
     int c;
     int neg, any, cutlim;
-    /*
+    // Skip white space and pick up leading +/- sign if any.
-     * Skip white space and pick up leading +/- sign if any.
+    // If base is 0, allow 0x for hex and 0 for octal, else
-     * If base is 0, allow 0x for hex and 0 for octal, else
+    // assume decimal; if base is already 16, allow 0x.
-     * assume decimal; if base is already 16, allow 0x.
-     */
     s = str;
     do {
         c = (unsigned char)*s++;
     } while (isspace(c));
     if (c == '-') {
         neg = 1;
-        c   = *s++;
+        c   = (int)*s++;
     } else {
         neg = 0;
-        if (c == '+')
+        if (c == '+') {
-            c = *s++;
+            c = (int)*s++;
+        }
     }
     if ((base == 0 || base == 16) &&
         c == '0' && (*s == 'x' || *s == 'X')) {
-        c = s[1];
+        c = (int)s[1];
         s += 2;
         base = 16;
     }
-    if (base == 0)
+    if (base == 0) {
         base = c == '0' ? 8 : 10;
-    /*
+    }
-     * Compute the cutoff value between legal numbers and illegal
+    // Compute the cutoff value between legal numbers and illegal
-     * numbers.  That is the largest legal value, divided by the
+    // numbers.  That is the largest legal value, divided by the
-     * base.  An input number that is greater than this value, if
+    // base.  An input number that is greater than this value, if
-     * followed by a legal input character, is too big.  One that
+    // followed by a legal input character, is too big.  One that
-     * is equal to this value may be valid or not; the limit
+    // is equal to this value may be valid or not; the limit
-     * between valid and invalid numbers is then based on the last
+    // between valid and invalid numbers is then based on the last
-     * digit.  For instance, if the range for longs is
+    // digit.  For instance, if the range for longs is
-     * [-2147483648..2147483647] and the input base is 10,
+    // [-2147483648..2147483647] and the input base is 10,
-     * cutoff will be set to 214748364 and cutlim to either
+    // cutoff will be set to 214748364 and cutlim to either
-     * 7 (neg==0) or 8 (neg==1), meaning that if we have accumulated
+    // 7 (neg==0) or 8 (neg==1), meaning that if we have accumulated
-     * a value > 214748364, or equal but the next digit is > 7 (or 8),
+    // a value > 214748364, or equal but the next digit is > 7 (or 8),
-     * the number is too big, and we will return a range error.
+    // the number is too big, and we will return a range error.
-     *
+    //
-     * Set any if any `digits' consumed; make it negative to indicate
+    // Set any if any `digits' consumed; make it negative to indicate
-     * overflow.
+    // overflow.
-     */
     cutoff = neg ? LONG_MIN : LONG_MAX;
     cutlim = cutoff % base;
     cutoff /= base;
@@ -143,16 +145,19 @@ long strtol(const char *str, char **endptr, int base)
         cutlim = -cutlim;
     }
     for (acc = 0, any = 0;; c = (unsigned char)*s++) {
-        if (isdigit(c))
+        if (isdigit(c)) {
             c -= '0';
-        else if (isalpha(c))
+        } else if (isalpha(c)) {
             c -= isupper(c) ? 'A' - 10 : 'a' - 10;
-        else
+        } else {
             break;
-        if (c >= base)
+        }
+        if (c >= base) {
             break;
-        if (any < 0)
+        }
+        if (any < 0) {
             continue;
+        }
         if (neg) {
             if (acc < cutoff || (acc == cutoff && c > cutlim)) {
                 any   = -1;
@@ -175,16 +180,18 @@ long strtol(const char *str, char **endptr, int base)
             }
         }
     }
-    if (endptr != 0)
+    if (endptr != 0) {
         *endptr = (char *)(any ? s - 1 : str);
+    }
     return (acc);
 }
 
 int fgetc(int fd)
 {
     unsigned char c;
-    if (read(fd, &c, 1) <= 0)
+    if (read(fd, &c, 1) <= 0) {
         return EOF;
+    }
     return c;
 }
 
@@ -195,14 +202,31 @@ char *fgets(char *buf, int n, int fd)
 
     /* get max bytes or upto a newline */
     for (p = buf, n--; n > 0; n--) {
-        if ((c = fgetc(fd)) == EOF)
+        // Get the character.
+        c = fgetc(fd);
+        if (c == EOF) {
             break;
-        *p++ = c;
+        }
-        if (c == '\n')
+        *p++ = (char)c;
+        if (c == '\n') {
             break;
+        }
     }
     *p = 0;
-    if (p == buf || c == EOF)
+    if (p == buf || c == EOF) {
         return NULL;
+    }
     return (p);
 }
+
+void perror(const char *s)
+{
+    if (s) {
+        puts(s);
+        putchar(':');
+        putchar(' ');
+    }
+    puts(strerror(errno));
+    putchar('\n');
+    putchar('\n');
+}

libc/src/stdlib.c

@@ -1,39 +1,37 @@
 /// @file stdlib.c
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
-#include "system/syscall_types.h"
+#include "stddef.h"
+#include "assert.h"
 #include "stdlib.h"
 #include "string.h"
-#include "assert.h"
+#include "system/syscall_types.h"
 
 /// @brief Number which identifies a memory area allocated through a call to
 /// malloc(), calloc() or realloc().
 #define MALLOC_MAGIC_NUMBER 0x600DC0DE
 
-/// @brief Checks if the pointer is a valid malloc entry.
+typedef struct {
-/// @param ptr the pointer we are checking.
+    unsigned magic;
-/// @return 1 of success, 0 on failure.
+    size_t size;
-static inline int __malloc_is_valid_ptr(void *ptr)
+} malloc_header_t;
-{
-    return (ptr && (((size_t *)ptr)[-1] == MALLOC_MAGIC_NUMBER));
-}
-
-size_t malloc_usable_size(void *ptr)
-{
-    if (__malloc_is_valid_ptr(ptr))
-        return ((size_t *)ptr)[-2];
-    return 0;
-}
 
 void *malloc(unsigned int size)
 {
-    size_t *_res, _size = 2 * sizeof(size_t) + size;
+    assert(size && "Zero size requested.");
-    __inline_syscall1(_res, brk, _size);
+    size_t *ptr;
-    _res[0] = size;
+    // Compute the real size we need to allocate.
-    _res[1] = MALLOC_MAGIC_NUMBER;
+    size_t real_size = size + sizeof(malloc_header_t);
-    return &_res[2];
+    // Allocate the memory.
+    __inline_syscall1(ptr, brk, real_size);
+    // Initialize the malloc header.
+    malloc_header_t *malloc_header = (malloc_header_t *)ptr;
+    malloc_header->magic           = MALLOC_MAGIC_NUMBER;
+    malloc_header->size            = size;
+    // Return the allocated memory.
+    return (void *)((char *)ptr + sizeof(malloc_header_t));
 }
 
 void *calloc(size_t num, size_t size)
@@ -58,8 +56,12 @@ void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
         free(ptr);
         return NULL;
     }
+    // Get the malloc header.
+    malloc_header_t *malloc_header = (malloc_header_t *)((char *)ptr - sizeof(malloc_header_t));
+    // Check the header.
+    assert(malloc_header->magic == MALLOC_MAGIC_NUMBER && "This is not a valid pointer.");
     // Get the old size.
-    size_t old_size = malloc_usable_size(ptr);
+    size_t old_size = malloc_header->size;
     // Create the new pointer.
     void *newp = malloc(size);
     memset(newp, 0, size);
@@ -70,24 +72,46 @@ void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
 
 void free(void *ptr)
 {
+    // Get the malloc header.
+    malloc_header_t *malloc_header = (malloc_header_t *)((char *)ptr - sizeof(malloc_header_t));
+    // Check the header.
+    assert(malloc_header->magic == MALLOC_MAGIC_NUMBER && "This is not a valid pointer.");
+    // Get the real pointer.
+    ptr = (char *)ptr - sizeof(malloc_header_t);
+    // Call the free.
     int _res;
-    if (__malloc_is_valid_ptr(ptr)) {
+    __inline_syscall1(_res, brk, ptr);
-        size_t *_ptr = (size_t *)ptr - 2;
-        __inline_syscall1(_res, brk, _ptr);
-    } else {
-        __inline_syscall1(_res, brk, ptr);
-    }
 }
 
 /// Seed used to generate random numbers.
-static int rseed = 0;
+static unsigned rseed = 0;
 
-void srand(int x)
+void srand(unsigned x)
 {
     rseed = x;
 }
 
-int rand()
+unsigned rand(void)
 {
     return rseed = (rseed * 1103515245U + 12345U) & RAND_MAX;
 }
+
+float randf(void)
+{
+    return ((float)rand() / (float)(RAND_MAX));
+}
+
+int randint(int lb, int ub)
+{
+    return lb + ((int)rand() % (ub - lb + 1));
+}
+
+unsigned randuint(unsigned lb, unsigned ub)
+{
+    return lb + (rand() % (ub - lb + 1));
+}
+
+float randfloat(float lb, float ub)
+{
+    return lb + (randf() * (ub - lb));
+}

libc/src/strerror.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file strerror.c
 /// @brief
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "strerror.h"
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ char *strerror(int errnum)
 #endif
 #ifdef EAGAIN
     case EAGAIN:
-        strcpy(error, "No more processes");
+        strcpy(error, "Resource temporarily unavailable");
         break;
 #endif
 #ifdef ENOMEM

libc/src/string.c

@@ -1,33 +1,44 @@
 /// @file string.c
 /// @brief String routines.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
-#include <fcntl.h>
 #include "string.h"
 #include "ctype.h"
+#include "fcntl.h"
 #include "stdio.h"
 #include "stdlib.h"
 
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+#include "mem/kheap.h"
+#endif
+
 char *strncpy(char *destination, const char *source, size_t num)
 {
-    char *start = destination;
+    // Check if we have a valid number.
-    while (num && (*destination++ = *source++)) {
-        num--;
-    }
     if (num) {
-        while (--num) {
+        // Copies the first num characters of source to destination.
-            *destination++ = '\0';
+        while (num && (*destination++ = *source++)) {
+            num--;
+        }
+        // If the end of the source C string (which is signaled by a null-character)
+        // is found before num characters have been copied, destination is padded
+        // with zeros until a total of num characters have been written to it.
+        if (num) {
+            while (--num) {
+                *destination++ = '\0';
+            }
         }
     }
-
+    // Pointer to destination is returned.
-    return start;
+    return destination;
 }
 
 int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n)
 {
-    if (!n)
+    if (!n) {
         return 0;
+    }
     while ((--n > 0) && (*s1) && (*s2) && (*s1 == *s2)) {
         s1++;
         s2++;
@@ -66,8 +77,9 @@ char *strchr(const char *s, int ch)
     while (*s && *s != (char)ch) {
         s++;
     }
-    if (*s == (char)ch)
+    if (*s == (char)ch) {
         return (char *)s;
+    }
     {
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -155,8 +167,9 @@ size_t strcspn(const char *string, const char *control)
     size_t n;
 
     // Clear out bit map.
-    for (n = 0; n < 32; n++)
+    for (n = 0; n < 32; n++) {
         map[n] = 0;
+    }
 
     // Set bits in control map.
     while (*ctrl) {
@@ -184,8 +197,9 @@ char *strpbrk(const char *string, const char *control)
     int n;
 
     // Clear out bit map.
-    for (n = 0; n < 32; n++)
+    for (n = 0; n < 32; n++) {
         map[n] = 0;
+    }
 
     // Set bits in control map.
     while (*ctrl) {
@@ -204,6 +218,34 @@ char *strpbrk(const char *string, const char *control)
     return NULL;
 }
 
+int tokenize(const char *string, char *separators, size_t *offset, char *buffer, ssize_t buflen)
+{
+    // If we reached the end of the parsed string, stop.
+    if (string[*offset] == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    // Keep copying character until we either reach 1) the end of the buffer, 2) a
+    // separator, or 3) the end of the string we are parsing.
+    do {
+        for (char *separator = separators; *separator != 0; ++separator) {
+            if (string[*offset] == *separator) {
+                // Skip the character.
+                ++(*offset);
+                // Close the buffer.
+                *buffer = '\0';
+                return 1;
+            }
+        }
+        // Save the character.
+        *buffer = string[*offset];
+        // Advance the offset, decrese the available size in the buffer, and advance the buffer.
+        ++(*offset), --buflen, ++buffer;
+    } while ((buflen > 0) && (string[*offset] != 0));
+    // Close the buffer.
+    *buffer = '\0';
+    return 1;
+}
+
 void *memmove(void *dst, const void *src, size_t n)
 {
     void *ret = dst;
@@ -266,17 +308,30 @@ char *strupr(char *s)
     return s;
 }
 
+char *strcat(char *dst, const char *src)
+{
+    char *cp = dst;
+
+    while (*cp) {
+        cp++;
+    }
+
+    while ((*cp++ = *src++) != '\0') {}
+
+    return dst;
+}
+
 char *strncat(char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n)
 {
     char *start = s1;
 
     while (*s1++) {}
-
     s1--;
 
     while (n--) {
-        if (!(*s1++ = *s2++))
+        if (!(*s1++ = *s2++)) {
             return start;
+        }
     }
 
     *s1 = '\0';
@@ -284,15 +339,6 @@ char *strncat(char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n)
     return start;
 }
 
-char *strnset(char *s, int c, size_t n)
-{
-    while (n-- && *s) {
-        *s++ = (char)c;
-    }
-
-    return s;
-}
-
 char *strrev(char *s)
 {
     char *start = s;
@@ -364,11 +410,10 @@ char *strtok_r(char *str, const char *delim, char **saveptr)
     *saveptr = s;
 
     // Determine if a token has been found.
-    if (str == (char *)s) {
+    if (str == s) {
         return NULL;
-    } else {
-        return str;
     }
+    return str;
 }
 
 // Intrinsic functions.
@@ -386,119 +431,100 @@ char *strtok_r(char *str, const char *delim, char **saveptr)
 
 void *memset(void *ptr, int value, size_t num)
 {
-    // Truncate c to 8 bits.
+    // Turn the pointer into a char * pointer. Here, we use the volatile keyword
-    value = (value & 0xFF);
+    // to prevent the compiler from optimizing away the operations involving the
-
+    // pointer.
-    char *dst = (char *)ptr;
+    unsigned char volatile *dst = (unsigned char volatile *)ptr;
-
+    // Initialize the content of the memory.
-    // Initialize the rest of the size.
+    while (num--) *dst++ = (unsigned char)value;
-    while (num--) {
+    // Return the pointer.
-        *dst++ = (char)value;
-    }
-
     return ptr;
 }
 
-int memcmp(const void *ptr1, const void *ptr2, size_t n)
+int memcmp(const void *dst, const void *src, size_t n)
 {
     if (!n) {
         return 0;
     }
 
-    while (--n && *(char *)ptr1 == *(char *)ptr2) {
+    while (--n && *(char *)dst == *(char *)src) {
-        ptr1 = (char *)ptr1 + 1;
+        dst = (char *)dst + 1;
-        ptr2 = (char *)ptr2 + 1;
+        src = (char *)src + 1;
     }
 
-    return *((unsigned char *)ptr1) - *((unsigned char *)ptr2);
+    return *((unsigned char *)dst) - *((unsigned char *)src);
 }
 
-void *memcpy(void *ptr1, const void *ptr2, size_t num)
+void *memcpy(void *dst, const void *src, size_t num)
 {
-    char *_dst       = ptr1;
+    // Turn the pointer into a char * pointer. Here, we use the volatile keyword
-    const char *_src = ptr2;
+    // to prevent the compiler from optimizing away the operations involving the
-
+    // pointer.
-    while (num--) {
+    unsigned char volatile *_dst       = (unsigned char volatile *)dst;
-        *_dst++ = *_src++;
+    const unsigned char volatile *_src = (const unsigned char volatile *)src;
-    }
+    // Initialize the content of the memory.
-
+    while (num--) *_dst++ = *_src++;
-    return ptr1;
+    // Return the pointer.
+    return (void *)dst;
 }
 
-void *memccpy(void *ptr1, const void *ptr2, int c, size_t n)
+void *memccpy(void *dst, const void *src, int c, size_t n)
 {
-    while (n && (*((char *)(ptr1 = (char *)ptr1 + 1) - 1) =
+    while (n && (*((char *)(dst = (char *)dst + 1) - 1) =
-                     *((char *)(ptr2 = (char *)ptr2 + 1) - 1)) != (char)c) {
+                     *((char *)(src = (char *)src + 1) - 1)) != (char)c) {
         n--;
     }
 
-    return n ? ptr1 : NULL;
+    return n ? dst : NULL;
 }
 
 char *strcpy(char *dst, const char *src)
 {
     char *save = dst;
-
     while ((*dst++ = *src++) != '\0') {}
-
     return save;
 }
 
 size_t strlen(const char *s)
 {
-    const char *eos;
+    const char *it = s;
-
+    while (*(++it) != 0) {}
-    for (eos = s; *eos != 0; ++eos) {}
+    return ((it - s) < 0) ? 0 : (size_t)(it - s);
-
-    long len = eos - s;
-
-    return (len < 0) ? 0 : (size_t)len;
 }
 
 size_t strnlen(const char *s, size_t count)
 {
-    const char *sc;
+    const char *it = s;
-
+    while ((*(++it) != 0) && --count) {}
-    for (sc = s; *sc != '\0' && count--; ++sc) {}
+    return ((it - s) < 0) ? 0 : (size_t)(it - s);
-
-    long len = sc - s;
-
-    return (len < 0) ? 0 : (size_t)len;
 }
 
 int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2)
 {
-    int ret         = 0;
+    while (*s1 && *s2) {
-    const char *s1t = s1, *s2t = s2;
+        if (*s1 < *s2) break;
-
+        if (*s1 > *s2) break;
-    for (; !(ret = *s1t - *s2t) && *s2t; ++s1t, ++s2t) {}
+        s1++, s2++;
-
-    return (ret < 0) ? -1 : (ret > 0) ? 1 :
-                                        0;
-}
-
-char *strcat(char *dst, const char *src)
-{
-    char *cp = dst;
-
-    while (*cp) {
-        cp++;
     }
-
+    return *s1 - *s2;
-    while ((*cp++ = *src++) != '\0') {}
-
-    return dst;
 }
 
 char *strset(char *s, int c)
 {
-    char *start = s;
+    char *it = s;
-
+    while (*it) {
-    while (*s) {
+        *it++ = (char)c;
-        *s++ = (char)c;
     }
+    return s;
+}
 
-    return start;
+char *strnset(char *s, int c, size_t n)
+{
+    char *it = s;
+    while (*it && n--) {
+        *it++ = (char)c;
+    }
+    return s;
 }
 
 char *strtok(char *str, const char *delim)
@@ -593,9 +619,14 @@ char *trim(char *str)
 char *strdup(const char *s)
 {
     size_t len = strlen(s) + 1;
-    char *new  = malloc(len);
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
-    if (new == NULL)
+    char *new = kmalloc(len);
+#else
+    char *new = malloc(len);
+#endif
+    if (new == NULL) {
         return NULL;
+    }
     new[len] = '\0';
     return (char *)memcpy(new, s, len);
 }
@@ -603,9 +634,14 @@ char *strdup(const char *s)
 char *strndup(const char *s, size_t n)
 {
     size_t len = strnlen(s, n);
-    char *new  = malloc(len);
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
-    if (new == NULL)
+    char *new = kmalloc(len);
+#else
+    char *new = malloc(len);
+#endif
+    if (new == NULL) {
         return NULL;
+    }
     new[len] = '\0';
     return (char *)memcpy(new, s, len);
 }

libc/src/sys/errno.c

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 /// @file errno.c
 /// @brief Stores the error number.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "sys/errno.h"
 
 /// @brief Returns the error number for the current process.
 /// @return Pointer to the error number.
-int *__geterrno()
+int *__geterrno(void)
 {
     static int _errno = 0;
     return &_errno;

libc/src/sys/ioctl.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /// @file ioctl.c
 /// @brief Input/Output ConTroL (IOCTL) functions implementation.
-/// @copyright (c) 2014-2022 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
 /// See LICENSE.md for details.
 
 #include "sys/ioctl.h"

libc/src/sys/ipc.c

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/// @file ipc.c
+/// @brief Inter-Process Communication (IPC) system call implementation.
+/// @copyright (c) 2014-2024 This file is distributed under the MIT License.
+/// See LICENSE.md for details.
+
+#include "sys/ipc.h"
+
+#include "io/debug.h"
+#include "io/debug.h"
+#include "stddef.h"
+#include "stdio.h"
+#include "stdio.h"
+#include "stdlib.h"
+#include "string.h"
+#include "sys/errno.h"
+#include "sys/msg.h"
+#include "sys/sem.h"
+#include "sys/shm.h"
+#include "sys/stat.h"
+#include "sys/unistd.h"
+#include "system/syscall_types.h"
+
+_syscall3(void *, shmat, int, shmid, const void *, shmaddr, int, shmflg)
+
+_syscall3(long, shmget, key_t, key, size_t, size, int, flag)
+
+_syscall1(long, shmdt, const void *, shmaddr)
+
+_syscall3(long, shmctl, int, shmid, int, cmd, struct shmid_ds *, buf)
+
+_syscall3(long, semget, key_t, key, int, nsems, int, semflg)
+
+_syscall4(long, semctl, int, semid, int, semnum, int, cmd, union semun *, arg)
+
+_syscall2(int, msgget, key_t, key, int, msgflg)
+
+_syscall3(int, msgctl, int, msqid, int, cmd, struct msqid_ds *, buf)
+
+int msgsnd(int msqid, const void *msgp, size_t msgsz, int msgflg)
+{
+    long __res;
+    do {
+        __inline_syscall4(__res, msgsnd, msqid, msgp, msgsz, msgflg);
+        if (!(msgflg & IPC_NOWAIT) && (__res == -EAGAIN)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        break;
+    } while (1);
+    __syscall_return(int, __res);
+}
+
+ssize_t msgrcv(int msqid, void *msgp, size_t msgsz, long msgtyp, int msgflg)
+{
+    long __res;
+    do {
+        __inline_syscall5(__res, msgrcv, msqid, msgp, msgsz, msgtyp, msgflg);
+        if (!(msgflg & IPC_NOWAIT) && ((__res == -EAGAIN) || (__res == -ENOMSG))) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        break;
+    } while (1);
+    __syscall_return(int, __res);
+}
+
+long semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops)
+{
+    struct sembuf *op;
+    long __res;
+
+    // The pointer to the operation is NULL.
+    if (!sops) {
+        pr_err("The pointer to the operation is NULL.\n");
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // The value of nsops is negative.
+    if (nsops <= 0) {
+        pr_err("The value of nsops is negative.\n");
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    // This should be performed for each sops.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < nsops; i++) {
+        // Get the operation.
+        op = &sops[i];
+        // The process continues to try to perform the operation until it completes
+        // or receives an error.
+        while (1) {
+            // Calling the kernel-side function.
+            __inline_syscall3(__res, semop, semid, op, 1);
+
+            // If we get an error, the operation has been taken care of we stop
+            // the loop. We also stop the loop if the operation is not allowed
+            // and the IPC_NOWAIT flag is 1
+            if ((__res != -EAGAIN) || (op->sem_flg & IPC_NOWAIT)) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        // If the operation couldn't be performed and we had the IPC_NOWAIT set
+        // to 1 then we return.
+        if ((__res == -EAGAIN) && (op->sem_flg & IPC_NOWAIT)) {
+            errno = EAGAIN;
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Now, we can return the value.
+    __syscall_return(long, __res);
+}
+
+key_t ftok(char *path, int id)
+{
+    // Create a struct containing the serial number and the device number of the
+    // file we use to generate the key.
+    struct stat_t st;
+    if (stat(path, &st) < 0) {
+        pr_err("Cannot stat the file `%s`...\n", path);
+        errno = ENOENT;
+        return -1;
+    }
+    // Taking the upper 8 bits from the lower 8 bits of id, the second upper 8
+    // bits from the lower 8 bits of the device number of the provided pathname,
+    // and the lower 16 bits from the lower 16 bits of the inode number of the
+    // provided pathname.
+    return (st.st_ino & 0xffff) | ((st.st_dev & 0xff) << 16) | ((id & 0xffu) << 24);
+}